一. 動詞概述 動詞概述 表示動作或狀態(tài)的詞叫做動詞。可以分為以下四類: 類別 行為動詞 及物動詞 不及物動詞 連系動詞 助動詞 例句 Love, make Go, rise Be, look Be, have, do, shall, will, did 使用特點 后跟賓語 后不跟賓語 后跟表語 本身沒有詞義, 后跟動詞原形 或分詞, 構成疑問句或否定句 等 本身有詞義,后跟動詞原形, 構成謂語 情態(tài)動詞 Can, may, mist 注:英語行為動詞也可以分為及物動詞和不及物動詞。及物動詞是必須帶賓語的動詞??梢?分為兩類: (1)及物動詞+賓語(2)及物動詞+間接賓語+直接賓語 My mother bought me a gift. (可以接雙賓語的詞有: give, teach, buy, lend, find, hand, leave, sell, show, read, pay, make, offer, build, pass, bring, cook 等 不及物動詞不需要跟賓語, 本身意義完整。 有些不及物動詞加上介詞后變成及物性短語動詞, 后跟賓語。She did not reply to my letter。 英語中接雙賓語的動詞 award sb. sth. = award sth. to sb. 頒獎給某人 bring sb. sth. = bring sth. to sb. 把某物帶給某人 hand sb. sth. =hand sth. to sb. 把某物遞給某人 lend sb. sth. = lend sth. to sb. 把某物借給某人 mail sb. sth. = mail sth. to sb. 把某物寄給某人 offer sb. sth. = offer sth. to sb. 將某物給某人 owe sb. sth. = owe sth. to sb. 欠某人某物 pass sb. sth. = pass sth. to sb. 把某物遞給某人 pay sb. sth. = pay sth. to sb. 付給某人某物(錢) post sb. sth. = post sth. to sb. 把某物寄給某人 read sb. sth. = read sth. to sb. 把某物讀給某人聽 return sb.sth. = return sth. to sb. 把某物還給某人 send sb. sth. = send sth. to sb. 把某物送給某人 sell sb. sth. = sell sth. to sb. 把某物賣給某人 serve sb. sth. = serve sth. to sb. 拿某物招待某人 show sb. sth. = show sth. to sb. 拿某物給某人看 take sb. sth. = take sth. to sb. 把某物拿給某人 teach sb. sth. = teach sth. to sb. 教某人某物 tell sb. sth. = tell sth. to sb. 告訴某人某情況 throw sb. sth. = throw sth. to sb. 把某物扔給某人 write sb. sth. = write sth. to sb. 給某人寫信 2、雙賓語易位時需借助介詞 for 的常用動詞 book sb. sth. = book sth. for sb. 為某人預定某物 buy sb. sth. = buy sth. for sb. 為某人買某物 choose sb. sth. = choose sth. for sb. 為某人選某物 cook sb. sth. = cook sth. for sb. 為某人煮某物 draw sb. sth. = draw sth. for sb. 為某人畫某物 fetch sb. sth. = fetch sth. for sb. 為某人去取某物 find sb. sth. = find sth. for sb. 為某人找到某物 fix sb. sth. = fix sth. for sb. 為某人準備某物 get sb. sth. = get sth. for sb. 為某人拿來某物 make sb. sth. = make sth. for sb. 為某人做某物 order sb. sth. = order sth. for sb. 為某人訂購某物 pick sb. sth. = pick sth. for sb. 為某人采摘某物 prepare sb. sth. = prepare sth. for sb. 為某人準備某物 save sb. sth. = save sth. for sb. 為某人留某物 sing sb. sth. = sing sth. for sb. 為某人唱某物(歌) spare sb. sth. = spare sth. for sb. 為某人讓出某物 steal sb. sth. = steal sth. for sb. 為某人偷某物 3、有的動詞后接的雙賓語易位時,既可用介詞 to 引出間接賓語,也可用介詞 for 引出間接 賓語,含義相同。如 bring,play 等: Bring me today’s paper. = Bring today’s paper to [for] me. 把今天的報紙拿給我。 He played us the record he had just bought. = He played the record he had just bought for [to] us. 他放了他剛買的唱片給我們聽。 4、有的動詞后接的雙賓語易位時,即可用介詞 to 引出間接賓語,也可用介詞 for 引出間接 賓語,含義不同。如 leave 等: They left me no food. = They left no food for me.他們沒給我留一點食物。 My uncle left me a large fortune. = My uncle left a large fortune to me. 叔叔死后留下一大筆財產(chǎn)給我。 5、而有的動詞后接雙賓語時,既不能用介詞 to 引出間接賓語,也不能用介詞 for 引出間接 賓語。如 allow, ask, cause, charge, cost, forgive, refuse 等: He allows his son too much money. 他給他兒子的錢太多。 He asked me some questions. 他問了我一些問題。 This caused me much trouble. 這給我?guī)砹嗽S多麻煩。 He charged me five dollars for a cup of tea. 他一杯茶向我要了 5 美元。 His mistake cost him his job. 他的錯誤讓他丟了工作。 I envy you your good luck. 我羨慕你的好運。 They forgave him his rudeness. 他們原諒了他的魯莽。 He refused her nothing. 她要什么他就給什么。 二. 三. 常用動詞用法(見后) 常用動詞用法(見后) 連系動詞 系動詞亦稱連系動詞(Link Verb),作為系動詞,它本身有詞義,但不能單獨用作謂語, 后邊必須跟表語(亦稱補語),構成系表結構說明主語的狀況、性質(zhì)、特征等情況。系動詞 后不可接副詞,接的是形容詞。 大致分七種 1)狀態(tài)系動詞 狀態(tài)系動詞 用來表示主語狀態(tài),只有 be 一詞,例如: He is a teacher. 他是一名教師。(is 與補足語一起說明主語的身份。) I am fine. 2)持續(xù)系動詞 持續(xù)系動詞 用來表示主語繼續(xù)或保持一種狀況或態(tài)度, 主要有 keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如: He always kept silent at meeting. 他開會時總保持沉默。 This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一個謎。 3)表像系動詞 表像系動詞 用來表示"看起來像"這一概念,主要有 seem, appear, look, 例如: He looks tired. 他看起來很累。 He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起來很傷心。 4)感官系動詞 感官系動詞 感官系動詞主要有 feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如: This kind of cloth feels very soft. 這種布手感很軟。 This flower smells very sweet. 這朵花聞起來很香。 5)變化系動詞 ) 這些系動詞表示主語變成什么樣, 變化系動詞主要有 become, grow, turn, fall asleep) get, ( , go, come, run. 例如: He became mad after that. 自那之后,他瘋了。 She grew rich within a short time. 她沒多長時間就富了。 6)終止系動詞 終止系動詞 表示主語已終止動作,主要有 prove, turn out, 表達"證實","變成"之意,例如: The rumor proved false. 這謠言證實有假。 The search proved difficult. 搜查證實很難。 His plan turned out a success. 他的計劃終于成功了。(turn out 表終止性結果) 7.使役動詞:let,have,make 使,讓… .使役動詞: Let /make somebody do sth The teacher lets/makes them clean the classroom after school. Make sb/sth adj. The story makes me happy. The color makes it look beautiful. Have somebody do sth 讓某人做某事 Have sth done 讓某物被 My mother haves me make the bed. I have my hair cut/washed. 有些動詞它們既可以用作實義動詞,又可以用作連系動詞。 有些動詞它們既可以用作實義動詞,又可以用作連系動詞。另外 be 還可用作助動詞。它們 的用法不同,詞義和句型結構也有所不同。例如: Look at the blackboard, please.請看黑板。(look 用作實義動詞) He looks a little tired.他略顯疲倦。(look 用作連系動詞) They are at work.他們在工作。(are 用作連系動詞) They are working.他們正在工作。(are 用作助動詞,幫助構成現(xiàn)在進行時) 四. 助動詞 協(xié)助主要動詞構成謂語動詞詞組的詞叫助動詞(Auxiliary Verb)。被協(xié)助的動詞稱作主要 動詞(Main Verb)。構成時態(tài),語態(tài)。 助動詞是語法功能詞,自身沒有詞義,不可單獨使 用,它沒有對應的漢譯,例如: He doesn't like English. 他不喜歡英語。 (doesn't 是助動 詞,無詞義;like 是主要動詞,有詞義) 1、助動詞 be(am, is, are, was, were, being, been)的用法 助動詞 (1) be 后跟現(xiàn)在分詞構成進行時態(tài)。 Who is playing the violin?誰在拉小提琴? She was reading a book then.那時她正在讀書。 (2)be 后跟過去分詞構成被動語態(tài)。 He was asked to do the work.有人要他干這件工作。 You are invited to attend the meetintg.有人邀請你參加會議。 (3)be 后跟不定式作謂語,有如下幾種情況: ①表示計劃、安排將要發(fā)生的事。 Who are we to meet?我們要見誰呀? I'm to have supper with John this afternoon.今天下午我要與約翰一起吃晚飯。 ②表示指示、命令,否定式表禁止。 You are to see the headmaster today.今天你必須去見校長。 You are not to enter the room without permission.未經(jīng)允許你不能進入房間。 ③表示義務、責任等,同 should。 You are to be back before 5.你得在 5 點鐘以前回來。 What is to be done?該干什么。 ④表示可能性,與情態(tài)動詞 may, can 同義。 Such books are to be found in any library.這種書任何圖書館都有。 Not a sound was to be heard.一點聲響也沒有。 ⑤表示后來發(fā)生的事,可以用來表示命運或注定 They say good-bye, little knowing that they were never to meet again.他們告別了,沒想到再 也不能相見了。 He was to regret the decision.他有一天會后悔做出這一決定的。 ⑥用于習語 Where am I to go? 我該向何處去? What am I to do? 我該怎么辦? 2、助動詞 have(has, had, having)的用法 助動詞 (1)助動詞 have 可以構成完成時或完成進行時 He has been a doctor for 10 years.他當醫(yī)生十年了。 This is the place I have been longing to visit.這就是我一直渴望參觀的地方。 (2)和不定式構成謂語,表示客觀上不得不做的事情。 We've missed the train. We'll have to wait for another one.我們己經(jīng)誤了火車,我們只能等下 一列。 -Do we have to start work?我們得立刻工作嗎? -No. We don't have to.不,不必了。 3、do(does, did) 的用法 (1)構成疑問句或否定句 How did you know about it?你是怎樣知道這件事的。 He does not smoke. 他不抽煙。 (2)加強語氣。 He did tell that.他的確告訴了此事。 Do come and see us.一定來看我們。 (3)代替前面剛出現(xiàn)的動詞,避免重復。 -You like popular music, don't you?你喜歡流行音樂,是吧? -Yes , I do.是的,我喜歡。 He speaks French as fluently as she does.他講法語和她講的一樣流利。 (4)用于倒裝句中。 Never did he pay attention to my words.他從不注意我的話。 Only then did I understand the importance of English.只是那時,我才了解到英語的重要性。 (5)構成否定的祈使句。 Don't be so careless.不要那么粗心。 Do not hesitate to come for help.只管來求助。 3.助動詞 shall 和 will 的用法 助動詞 shall 和 will 作為助動詞可以與動詞原形一起構成一般將來時,例如: I shall study harder at English. He will go to Shanghai. 說明 : 在過去的語法中,語法學家說 shall 用于第一人稱,will 只用于第二、第三人 稱。現(xiàn)在,尤其是在口語中,will 常用于第一人稱,但 shall 只用于第一人稱,如用 于第二、第三人稱,就失去助動詞的意義,已變?yōu)榍閼B(tài)動詞,試比較: He shall come. He will come. 他必須來。(shall 有命令的意味。) 他要來。(will 只與動詞原形構成一般將來時。) 我將更加努力地學習英語。 他要去上海。 shall 在疑問句中,用于第一,第三人稱,征求對方意愿 shall I turn on the light? 要開燈嗎?( 我把燈打開好嗎?) shall he come to see you? 他要不要來看你 (比較: will he come to see you? 他會不會來看你) shall 用在陳述句, 與第二第三人稱連用, 變?yōu)榍閼B(tài)動詞 表示允諾,命令,警告,和 說話人的決心等 4.助動詞 should,would 的用法 助動詞 1)should 無詞義,只是 shall 的過去形式,與動詞原形構成過去將來時,只用于 第一人稱,例如: I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week. 我昨天給他打電話,問他我下周干什么。 比較: "What shall I do next week?" I asked. "我下周干什么?"我問道。(可以說,shall 變成直接引語時,變成了 should。) 2) would 也無詞義,是 will 的過去形式,與動詞原形構成過去將來時,用于第 二、第三人稱,例如: He said he would come. 比較: "I will go," he said. 他說:"我要去那兒。" 變成間接引語,就成了: He said he would come. 原來的 will 變成 would,go 變成了 come.。過去式從原來的 go 變?yōu)?came。 五. 情態(tài)動詞 他說他要來。 (1)情態(tài)動詞本身有詞義,但詞義不完全,因此不能單獨作謂語,只能和其他的動詞原形 一起構成謂語。 (2)情態(tài)動詞后接的動詞不定式一律不帶 to。 (3)情態(tài)動詞不隨人稱變化而變。 (4)含有情態(tài)動詞的否定都是由“情態(tài)動詞 + not”構成的。 can 的用法: 的用法: 1. (表示能力、功能)能,會 The classroom can seat thirty students. 這教室能坐三十位學生。 June can drive now. 瓊現(xiàn)在會開車了。 2. (表示可能性)可能,可能會 I think the work can be completed ahead of time. 我認為這項工作能提前完成。 Can’t 不可能 he is in London, so you can’t see him here. 3. (表示允許、請求)可以 You can't take the book out of the room. 你不可以將這本書拿出室外。 Can I use your pen? 我可以用一下你的筆嗎? 4. (表示命令)必須 If you won't keep quiet you can get out. 你如不保持安靜,就請你走。 5. (表示偶然發(fā)生的可能性)有時會 It can be quite windy there, especially in spring. 那里有時容易刮風,特別在春季。 6. (表示驚訝)究竟;竟至于 What can it possibly be? 到底那是怎么一回事? could 的用法 can 的過去式; (用于虛擬語氣,表示與事實相反的設想)能;可以; (表示可能性)可能; (用于婉轉(zhuǎn)語氣)能,可以 may 的用法 1.表示請求和允許,意思是:可以 He may come if he likes. 如果他想來,可以來 2.表示祝愿,意思是:祝…,(但愿)。 May the friendship between our two peoples last forever. 祝兩國人民的友誼萬古長青。 3.表示推測,意思是:可能(會),或許(會)。 It may rain this evening. You'd better take an umbrella. 今晚可能要下雨,你最好帶上雨傘。 May not 可能不 it is time for lunch. He may not be at home. must 的用法 1.表“必須”。 You must talk to them about their study.你必須同他們談談關于他們學習的事。 2.在否定結構中表不許。 You mustn't leave here.你不能離開這兒。 3.表堅定的建議。 You must come and see us as soon as you get to Shanghai.一到上海你得馬上來看我們。 4.表推測,暗含有很大的可能性,用在肯定句。 He must be ill. He looks so pale.他肯定是病了。他的臉色那么蒼白。 注意:否定式:needn’t 表示不必要做的事。 Must not 絕對不可以,禁止 You must not smoke in the public. May I come back right now? no, you needn’t. 加動詞不定式的完成式或完成進行式可以表示對過去事情的推測。 may 暗含的可能性較小。must 暗含的可能性較大。否定的猜測用 can't The baby can't be ill. He is so active.那寶寶不大可能是病了。他那么活躍。 might 的用法 might 表示的可能性太小,沒有足夠的說服力去職責別人。 may 的過去式。 表示詢問或允許或可能、推測。 表示可以做的事或可能發(fā)生的事,比 may 口氣緩和。 表示現(xiàn)在的事情,語氣較 may 弱一些,可能性更小一些。 用在表示目的等的狀語從句中。用在虛擬條件句的主句中。 注意:may,might 后加動詞不定式的完成式可以表示對過去的推測,認為某事在過去可能 發(fā)生,這一用法中 may 和 might 都指過去,不過 might 較 may 更含蓄或更不肯定。 should 的用法 1.should 作為助動詞 shall 的過去式,可以在間接引語中與第一人稱主語搭配,表示過去 將來時間。 2.should 作為情態(tài)動詞,通常用來表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼呢熑位蛄x務,譯作“應該”、“應當”,這 時它可以和 ought to, be supposed to 互換使用。例如: You should (= are supposed to ) complete your test in time. 你們應該按時做完你們的實驗。 3.should 作為情態(tài)動詞,可以用在條件狀語從句中,表示語氣較強的假設,譯作“萬一”、“竟 然”, 這時也可將 should 置于從句之首, 即將 should 放在主語前面, 而省略從屬連詞 if. 后 接動詞不定式的完成式時,表示過去的事情。肯定句中表示該做的沒做;否定句中表示不該 做的發(fā)生了 If it should rain tomorrow, I wouldn't go. (= Should it rain tomorrow, I wouldn't go.) 萬 一明天天下雨,我就不去了。 would 的用法 1.would 是 will 的過去式,Would you like~? 表示請求、勸說,是很客氣的說法。 Would you like a cup of tea? 您愿意喝杯茶嗎? 2.主語+would like to~ 表示“想要……”的意思上,與…want to~意思一 樣,但用此句型較客氣。 I want to ask you a question. 3.最基本的虛擬語氣句型: 主句用 would/ should/ could/ might +動詞原形。 ought to 的用法 ought to 是一個可以加上 to 的情態(tài)動詞其意思與 should 是一樣的,但是 ought to 不能用于 虛擬語氣中表示推測,而 should 可以 ought to 與 should 意思接近,大多數(shù)情況下二者可以互換,但是 should 談的是自己的主觀 看法,ought to 則更多反映客觀情況,在談到法律、義務和規(guī)定時使用。后接動詞不定式的 完成時,如用肯定結構,表示過去某事該做而未做;如否定結構,則表示過去不該做的事情 發(fā)生了。 此用法相當于 should (not)have done 結構。 如: We should/ought to help each other and learn from each other in our work. She is your mother, so you ought to support her. We ought to go and see Mary tomorrow, but I don’t think we will have to 的用法 后接動詞原形,表示“不得不,必須”的意思,它比 must 更含有“客觀條件使得必須如此做” 的意思。 dare 的用法 表示“敢于”,過去式是 dared。 除在“I dare say……”這種結構中,dare 極少用于肯定句中,常用在否定句、疑問句及條件句 中。常和動詞不定式連用,但不帶 to need 的用法 表示“需要”,用于否定句和疑問句中,和不定式連用。 句型:need to be done/doing(主動表被動) need 后面有名詞或動名詞作賓語時,need 是實義動詞,但后接動名詞的句子相當于被動語 態(tài)。 shall 的用法 主要用于第一人稱的疑問句中,表示征求對方意見。 used to 的用法 后接動詞原形,表示以前常發(fā)生的動作,但現(xiàn)在不是這樣了,通常用于肯定句中。 句型:be used to,后接動名詞或名詞,表示“習慣……”。 情態(tài)動詞句型 (1)表示對現(xiàn)在情況的推測(情態(tài)動詞 + v.) 肯定:must/may/might + be/do/be doing 否定:can/could + not + be/do/be doing 問:Can/Could + sb. + be/do/be doing 疑 He must playing football in the playground because it is Sunday today. (2)表示對過去情況的推測(情態(tài)動詞 + have done) 肯定:must/may/might + have been 否定:can/could + not + have been/done 疑問:Can/Could + sb. + have been/have done 注意:表示推測(可能性從大到?。簃ust,can,could,may,might。 They might have finished the work by now. Exercises:(A) 1. _______ everyone here today? A. Be B. Are C. Is D. Am 2. Harry is older than I. But he _______ younger than I. A. look B. looks C. looked D. looking 3. It _______ like the singing of the birds. A. sounds B. looks C. smells D. tastes 4. This kind of cake tastes _______. A. good B. well C. to be good D. to be well 5. The children all looked _______ at the broken model plane and felt quite _______. A. sad, sad B. sadly, sadly C. sad, sadly D. sadly, sad 6. This kind of paper _______ nice. A. feel B. felt C. is feeling D. feels 7. This math problem is _______ and I can do it _______. A. easy, easily B. easily, easily C. easy, easy D. easily, easy 8. Coffee is ready. How nice it _______! Would you like some? A. looks B. smells C. sounds D. feels 9. In winter the days _______ colder and colder. A. gets B. getting C. got D. get 10. He _______ pale at the thought. A. got B. looked C. turned D. seemed (B) 1.Mother ________ (watch) TV every evening. 2.We________(talk) when the teacher came in. 3.He ________(go) to Beijing two days ago. 4.He ________(leave) Chengdu in two days. 5.Look!The boy________(play) football on the playground. 6.My uncle ______(live) here for ten years. 7.He often helps the old woman _______ (carry) water. 8.Would you like to make a contribution to ________ (improve) our living conditions? 9.Don’t forget ________(turn) off the lights before you go out. 10.Please let the girls _____(go) first. 11.They had great fun ________(play) football this afternoon. 12.Do you enjoy ________(watch) TV? 13.Would you like ______(have) a cup of tea? 14.You can ______(go) there tomorrow. 15.Would you mind my _____(open) the door? 16.Please ask him _______(speak) more loudly 17.I’ll go fishing if it ____(be) fine tomorrow. 18.He said his grandpa ________(be) dead for ten years. 19.Tell the children __________(not play) in the street. 20.Mr Zhu spent much time _________(help) me with my English. (C) 1. Mr Wang ____ be in Nanjing now, he went to Beijing only this morning. A. mustn’t B. may not C. can’t D. needn’t 2. -Must I stay at home, Mum? --No, you ______. A. needn’t B. mustn’t C. don’t D. may not 3. -Can you go swimming with us this afternoon? --Sorry, I can’t. I ____ take care of my little sister at home because my mother is ill. A. can B. may C. would D. have to 4. -May I go to the cinema, Mum? --Certainly. But you _____ be back by 11 o’clock. A. can B. may C. must D. need 5. To make our city more beautiful, rubbish ______ into the river. A. needn’t be thrown B. mustn’t be thrown C. can’t throw D. may not throw 6. -May I go out to play basketball, Dad? --No, you ______. You must finish your homework first. A. mustn’t B. may not C. couldn’t D. needn’t 7. -Where is Jack, please ? --He ____ be in the reading room. A. can B. need C. would D. must A. musn’t B. may not C. can’t D. needn’t 8. -Mum, may I watch TV now? --Sure, but you _____ help me with my housework first. A. can B. may C. must D. could 9. The boy said he had to speak English in class, but he _____ speak it after calss. A. could B. didn’t have to C. might D. shouldn’t 10. John ______ go there with us tonight, but he isn’t very sure about it. A. must B. can C. will D. may 11. Even the top students in our class can’t work out this problem. So it _____ be very difficult. A. can B. may C. must D. need 12. It’s still early. You ______. A.mustn’t hurry B. wouldn’t hurry C. may not hurry D. don’t have to hurry 13. A computer ______ think for itself, it must be told what to do. A. can’t B. couldn’t C. may not D. might not 14. -Could I borrow your dictionary? -- Yes, of course you _______. A. might B. will C. can D. should 15. ___ I know your name? A. May B. Will C. Shall D. Must 16. I _____ like to know where you were born. A. shall B. should C. do D. may 17. ______ you be happy! A. Might B. Must C. Wish D. May 18. Teachers and students _____ look coldly at you for a day or two, but there are friendly feelings in their hearts. A. must B. can C. may D. should 19. Look out! The knife is very sharp. You _____ cut your finger. A. need B. must C. should D. may 20. -There is a lot of smoke coming out of the teaching building there. --Really? It _____ be a fire, most probably. A. can B. ought to C. may D. must 21. -Shall I tell John about the bad news? --No, you _____. I think that will make him sad. A. needn’t B. wouldn’t C. shouldn’t D. mustn’t 22. -Someone is knocking at the door. Who ______ it be? --It ______ be Tom. He is still in the school. A. can; can’t B. can; mustn’t C. might; could D. might; may CADCB CACBD CDACA CDCDA CA |
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來自: AnitaLee0915 > 《英語語法知識點》