(一)助動詞有be, have, do, will, shall。它們本身沒有詞義,只和實義動詞的一定形式構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語,用來表示時態(tài)和語態(tài),構(gòu)成否定、疑問及加強語氣等。 1、be (am, is, are, were, been) (l)“be + -ing”構(gòu)成進行時態(tài); (2)“be + 過去分詞”構(gòu)成被動語態(tài); (3)“be + 動詞不定式”構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語: ①表示按計劃安排要發(fā)生的事。The prime minister is to visit Japan next year. 總理將于明年訪問日本。 ② 用于命令。You're to do your homework before you watch TV.你得做完了作業(yè)才能看電視。
2、have (has, had) (1)“have+過去分詞”構(gòu)成完成時態(tài)。如:Have you seen the film ? (2)“have been + -ing”構(gòu)成完成進行時態(tài)。如:What have you been doing these days? 這些日子你一直在干什么?
3、do (does, did) (1)“do not + 動詞原形”構(gòu)成行為動詞的否定式。如:His brother doesn’t like playing basket.; (2)“Do + 主語 + 動詞原形”構(gòu)成行為動詞的一般疑問句。Does he go to school by bike every day? (3)“do + 動詞原形”用于祈使句或陳述句中表示加強語氣。如:I did go to see him, but he wasn’t in我確實去看望他了,但他不在家。Do do some work. 請一定做點什么; (4)代替前面剛出現(xiàn)的動詞以避免重復(fù)。My mother told me to go to bed early. So I did.
4.will, shall (would, should) “will (shall+動詞原形”構(gòu)成一般將來時,一般來說shall用于第一人稱,will用于第二人稱或第三人稱,口語中常用will代替shll,如:We will have a meeting to discuss the problem.
(二)情態(tài)動詞 情態(tài)動詞表示說話人對某一動作或狀態(tài)的態(tài)度,可以表示“可能”、“可以”、“需要”、“必須”或“應(yīng)當(dāng)”等之意。情態(tài)動詞沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化。但不能單獨作謂語動詞用,必須和不帶to的不定式連用構(gòu)成謂語動詞。只有情態(tài)動詞ought要和帶to的動詞不定式連用,在句中作謂語用。
將情態(tài)動詞置于主語之前即構(gòu)成其疑問式,在情態(tài)動詞之后加not既構(gòu)成其否定式?,F(xiàn)將各情態(tài)動詞的基本用法分述如下:
1、can和could (could為can的過去式) 的基本用法 (1)表示能力,如:He can speak English better than you. (2)在疑問句和否定句中表示“懷疑”、“猜測”或“可能性”,如:Can this green bike be Liu Dong's? (3)表示“許可”時can可以和may換用,如:You can (may) go home now. (4)如果要表示語氣婉轉(zhuǎn),可用could代替can,這時could不再是can的過去式,如:Could you come again tomorrow? (5)can和be able to都可表示能力,兩者在意思上沒有什么區(qū)別。但是can只能有現(xiàn)在式和過去式,而be able to則有更多的形式,如:He will be able to do the work better.
2、may和might (might為may的過去式)的基本用法 (1)表示允許或征詢對方許可,有“可以”之意,如:You may use my dictionary. 在回答對方說“可以做某事”或“不可以做某事”時,一般多不用may或 may not,以避免語氣生硬或不容氣。而用比較婉轉(zhuǎn)的說法進行回答。如:---- May I use this dictionary? ---- Yes, please. 或 ---- Certainly. 在請求對方許可時,如果Might I…? 就比用May I…? 語氣更婉轉(zhuǎn)些,如:May I have a look at your new computer? 但是表示“阻止”或“禁止”對方做某事時,要用must not代替may not,如:---- May we swim in this lake? ---- No, you mustn’t. It’s too dangerous. (2)may或 might都可以表示可能性,表示“或許”、“可能”之意,如果用might表示可能性,則語氣更加不肯定,如:They may (might) be in the library now .
3、must的基本用法 (1)must表示“必須”、“應(yīng)該”之意,其否定式 must not,縮寫形式為 mustn't,表示“不應(yīng)該”,“不準”、“不許可”或“禁止”之意,如:We must study hard and make progress every day. You mustn't touch the fire. (2)對以must提出的疑問句,如作否定回答時,要用needn't或用don't (doesn't) have to (不 必)來回答,而不用mustn't,因為mustn't表示的是“禁止”或“不許可”之意,如:---- Must we finish the work tomorrow? ---- No, you needn't (don't have to), but you must finish it in three days. (3)在肯定句中must可以表示推測,表示“一定”或“必定”之意,如:---- Whose new bike can it be? ---- It must be Liu Dong's. I know his father has just bought him a new one.
4、can, could, may, must后接完成式的用法 (1)can, could后接完成式的用法: ①在否定句或疑問句中表示對過去發(fā)生過的事情的“懷疑”或“不肯定”的態(tài)度,Could he have said so? ②在肯定句中,可以表示過去可能做到而實際并沒做到的事情,有“勸告”或“責(zé)備”的語氣。 如:---- When did you answer her letter? ---- Only yesterday. ---- It's too late. You could have answered it earlier, I am sure.
(2) may, might后接完成式的用法 ①表示對過去某事的推測,認為某一件事情在過去可能發(fā)生了。如果使用might,語氣就比較婉轉(zhuǎn)或更加不肯定,如:Mary might have learned some Chinese before. ②可以表示過去本來可以做到而實 際沒有做到的事情,有“勸告”或“責(zé)備”的語氣,如:You didn't do the work well that day. You might have done it better.
(3)must后接完成式的用法:表示對過去某事的推測,認為某事在過去一定做到 了,如:Liu Dong isn’t in the classroom. He must have gone to the library.
5、have to 的基本用法:have to和must的意義相近,只是 must側(cè)重表示說話人的主觀看法,而have to 則表示客觀需要,如:I must study hard. I had to give it up because of illness.
6、ought to的基本用法 (l)表示根據(jù)某種義務(wù)或必要“應(yīng)當(dāng)”做某事,語氣比should強,例如:Everyone ought to obey the traffic regulations. (2)表示推測,注意與must表示推測時的區(qū)別:He must be home by now .(斷定他已到家),He ought to be home by now .(不十分肯定),This is where the oil must be.(比較直率) ,This is where the oil ought to be. (比較含蓄) ; (3)“ought + have+ 過去分詞”表示過去應(yīng)做某事而 實際未做。例如:You ought to have helped him. (but you didn’t) 這時,ought與 should可以互相換用。注意,在美國英語中ought to 用于否定和疑問句時to可以省略。例如:Ought you smoke so much? You oughtn’t smoke so much. 7、dare的基本用法 (l)dare (dared為其過去式) 作情態(tài)動詞用時,主要用于否定句,疑問句和條件從句中,如:Dared he bread the traffic regulations again? (2)在現(xiàn)代英語中dare常用作行為動詞,其變化與一般行為動詞相同,如:She dares to stay at home alone at night.
8、need的基本用法 (1)need作情態(tài)動詞用時,主要用于否定句和疑問句中,如:He needn't worry about us now. (2)need也可作為行為動詞用,可用于肯定句,否定句和疑問句中,其后可接名詞、代詞、動名詞或帶 to 的動詞不定式為其賓語。如:You need to practise reading aloud every day. (3)needn't后接完成式可以表示過去做了一件本來不必要做的事情,如:---- Did you answer the letter yesterday? ---- Yes, I did. ---- But you needn’t have answered it.
9、shall的基本用法 (1)shall用作情態(tài)動詞時,用于第二、三人稱,表示說活人的意愿,可表示“命令”、“警告”、“強制”、“威脅”或“允諾”等意,如:He shall go first, whether he wants to or not. (2)在疑問句中,shall用于第一、三人稱,表示說話人的征詢對方意見或請求指示,如:Shall I open the door?
10、should的基本用法 (1)should作為情態(tài)動詞可以表示“建議”或“勸告”,有“應(yīng)該”之意,如:You should learn from each other. (2)should后接完成式表示過去沒有做到本來應(yīng)該做的事情,或是做了本來不應(yīng)該做的事情。如:You should have give him more help.
11、will的基本用法 (1)用于各人稱,可以表示“意志”或“決心”,如:I have told him again and again to stop smoking, but he will not listen. (2)在疑問句中用于第二人稱,表示說話人向?qū)Ψ教岢稣埱蠡蛟儐枌Ψ降囊庠?,如:Will you please tell me how to get to the Capital Gymnasium? (3)will可以表示一種習(xí)慣性的動作,有“總是”或“會要”之意,如:Every morning he will have a walk along this river.
12、would的基本用法 (1)would作為will的過去式,可用于各人稱,表示過去時間的“意志”或“決心”,如:He promised he would never smoke again. (2)在疑問句中,用于第二人稱,表示說話人向?qū)Ψ教岢稣埱蠡蛟S問對方的意愿時,比用will的氣更加婉轉(zhuǎn),如:Would you like some more coffee? (3)在日常生活中,學(xué)用“I would like to…”表示“我想要”或“我愿意”之意,以使語氣婉轉(zhuǎn),如:I would like to do Ex.2 first. (4)would可以表示過去的習(xí)慣動作,比used to正式,并沒有“現(xiàn)已無此習(xí)慣”的含義。如:Last year our English teacher would sometimes tell us stories in English after class. / During the vacation he would visit me every week. (5)表料想或猜想,如:It would be about ten when he left home./ What would she be doing there?/ I thought he would have told you about it.
13、used to, had better, would rather的用法 (1)used to表示過去的習(xí)慣動作或狀態(tài),現(xiàn)在已不存在,在間接引語中,其形式可不變,例如:He told us he used to play foot ball when he was young. 在疑問句、否定句、否定疑問句或強調(diào)句中,可有兩種形式。疑問句:Did you use to/ Used you to go to the same school as your brother? 否定句:I usedn’t to / didn’t use to go there. (usedn’t 也可寫作usen’t);否定疑問句:Usen’t you to/ Didn’t you use to be interested in the theatre? 強調(diào)句:I certainly used to/ did use to smoke, but it was a long time ago.;其反意疑問句或簡略回答中,也有兩種形式:She used to be very fat. didn’t she?/ use(d)n’t she? Did you use to play chess? Yes, I did./ Used you to get up early in the morning? Yes, I did./ used to. (2)had better意為“最好”,后接不帶to的不定式,例如:---- We had better go now . ---- Yes, we had (we'd better/ we had better)./ Hadn’t we better stop now? (Had we better not stop now?)/ I think I’d better be going. (用于進行時態(tài),表“最好立即”)/ You had better have done that (用于完成時態(tài),表未完成動作) 注:had better用于同輩或小輩,對長輩不可用。 (3)would rather意為“寧愿”,表選擇,后接不帶to的不定式,例如:I’d rather not say anything./ Would you rather work on a farm?/ ---- Wouldn’t you rather stay here? ---- No, I would not. I’d rather go there. 由于would rather表選擇,因 而后可接than,例如:I would rather work on a farm than in a factory. / I would rather watch TV than go to see the film/ I would rather lose a dozen cherry trees than that you should tell me one lie./ I’d rather you didn’t talk about this to anyone. (句中的 'd rather不是情態(tài)動詞,would 在此是表愿望的實義動詞) |
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來自: 昵稱47813312 > 《英語》