為什么要做web cache,我想大家最主要的是解決流量的壓力。隨著網(wǎng)站流量的提升,如果只是單臺(tái)機(jī)器既處理靜態(tài)文件,又處理動(dòng)態(tài)腳本,顯然效率很難上升,不能處理日益上漲的流量壓力。與此同時(shí)某些網(wǎng)站的頁面內(nèi)容并不是經(jīng)常變化,因此我們可以分兩層架構(gòu)來組織網(wǎng)站。前端web緩存+后端web服務(wù)器,可以參看這里配置nginx反向代理配置
前端web緩存有多重方式實(shí)現(xiàn),原理就是隊(duì)請求結(jié)果頁面靜態(tài)化并設(shè)置一個(gè)超時(shí)期限,緩存頁面過期后,新請求到達(dá)時(shí)重新到后端web服務(wù)器獲取內(nèi)容更新;沒有nginx前比較流行的方法是squid,但squid不能充分利用處理器的多核特性,越來越多的網(wǎng)站選用nginx來做前端的web緩存。
要想使用nginx的緩存功能要保證nginx添加了proxy模塊。我們可以使用-V選項(xiàng)(大寫的V,小寫的v是看版本號(hào)的)來查看nginx的編譯參數(shù)。我使用的是默認(rèn)的參數(shù)編譯的,如下所示:
root@SNDA-172-17-12-117:/usr/local/nginx# ./nginx -V
nginx version: nginx/1.2.3
built by gcc 4.4.3 (Ubuntu 4.4.3-4ubuntu5.1)
TLS SNI support enabled
configure arguments: --sbin-path=/usr/local/nginx/nginx --conf-path=/usr/local/nginx/nginx.conf --pid-path=/usr/local/nginx/nginx.pid --with-http_ssl_module --with-pcre=/usr/local/src/pcre-8.21 --with-zlib=/usr/local/src/zlib-1.2.7
nginx的所有模塊必須在編譯的時(shí)候添加,不能再運(yùn)行的時(shí)候動(dòng)態(tài)加載,默認(rèn)的編譯選項(xiàng)下包含的模塊,如果你不是顯示的用參數(shù)關(guān)閉它。
nginx默認(rèn)安裝的模塊如下
模塊名稱 |
描述 |
版本 |
如何禁用 |
Core |
Control ports, locations, error pages, aliases, and other essentials. |
|
--without-http |
Access |
Allow/deny based on IP address. |
|
--without-http_access_module |
Auth Basic |
Basic HTTP authentication. |
|
--without-http_auth_basic_module |
Auto Index |
Generates automatic directory listings. |
|
--without-http_autoindex_module |
Browser |
Interpret "User-Agent" string. |
0.4.3 |
--without-http_browser_module |
Charset |
Recode web pages. |
|
--without-http_charset_module |
Empty GIF |
Serve a 1x1 image from memory. |
0.3.10 |
--without-http_empty_gif_module |
FastCGI |
FastCGI Support. |
|
--without-http_fastcgi_module |
Geo |
Set config variables using key/value pairs of IP addresses. |
0.1.17 |
--without-http_geo_module |
Gzip |
Gzip responses. |
|
--without-http_gzip_module |
Headers |
Set arbitrary HTTP response headers. |
|
Index |
Controls which files are to be used as index. |
|
Limit Requests |
Limit frequency of connections from a client. |
0.7.20 |
--without-http_limit_req_module |
Limit Zone |
Limit simultaneous connections from a client. Deprecated in 1.1.8, use Limit Conn Instead. |
0.5.6 |
--without-http_limit_zone_module |
Limit Conn |
Limit concurrent connections based on a variable. |
|
--without-http_limit_conn_module |
Log |
Customize access logs. |
|
Map |
Set config variables using arbitrary key/value pairs. |
0.3.16 |
--without-http_map_module |
Memcached |
Memcached support. |
|
--without-http_memcached_module |
Proxy |
Proxy to upstream servers. |
|
--without-http_proxy_module |
Referer |
Filter requests based on Referer header. |
|
--without-http_referer_module |
Rewrite |
Request rewriting using regular s. |
|
--without-http_rewrite_module |
SCGI |
SCGI protocol support. |
0.8.42 |
--without-http_scgi_module |
Split Clients |
Splits clients based on some conditions |
0.8.37 |
--without-http_split_clients_module |
SSI |
Server-side includes. |
|
--without-http_ssi_module |
Upstream |
For load-balancing. |
|
--without-http_upstream_ip_hash_module (ip_hash directive only) |
User ID |
Issue identifying cookies. |
|
--without-http_userid_module |
uWSGI |
uWSGI protocol support. |
0.8.40 |
--without-http_uwsgi_module |
X-Accel |
X-Sendfile-like module. |
|
proxy模塊中常用的指令時(shí)proxy_pass和proxy_cache.
nginx的web緩存功能的主要是由proxy_cache、fastcgi_cache指令集和相關(guān)指令集完成,proxy_cache指令負(fù)責(zé)反向代理緩存后端服務(wù)器的靜態(tài)內(nèi)容,fastcgi_cache主要用來處理FastCGI動(dòng)態(tài)進(jìn)程緩存(這里我不是很清楚這兩個(gè)指令的區(qū)別,好像功能上都差不多,尤其后面這句話的意思,是我翻譯過來的)。
確認(rèn)proxy模塊安裝好后,下面對nginx的配置文件進(jìn)行設(shè)置,重點(diǎn)部分如標(biāo)紅字體所示。
這是我的nginx.conf配置文件。
user www-data;
worker_processes 1;
#error_log logs/error.log;
#error_log logs/error.log notice;
#error_log logs/error.log info;
#pid logs/nginx.pid;
events {
worker_connections 1024;
}
http {
include mime.types;
default_type application/octet-stream;
log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
'$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
'"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for" "$host"';
#access_log logs/access.log main;
sendfile on;
#tcp_nopush on;
#keepalive_timeout 0;
keepalive_timeout 65;
#Compression Settings
gzip on;
gzip_http_version 1.0;
gzip_comp_level 2;
gzip_proxied any;
gzip_min_length 1100;
gzip_buffers 16 8k;
gzip_types text/plain text/css application/x-javascript text/xml application/xml application/xml+rss text/javascript;
# Some version of IE 6 don't handle compression well on some mime-types,
# so just disable for them
gzip_disable "MSIE [1-6].(?!.*SV1)";
# Set a vary header so downstream proxies don't send cached gzipped
# content to IE6
gzip_vary on;
#end gzip
#cache begin
proxy_buffering on;
proxy_cache_valid any 10m;
proxy_cache_path /data/cache levels=1:2 keys_zone=my-cache:8m max_size=1000m inactive=600m;
proxy_temp_path /data/temp;
proxy_buffer_size 4k;
proxy_buffers 100 8k;
#cache end
## Basic reverse proxy server ##
## Apache (vm02) backend for www.example.com ##
upstream apachephp {
server www.quancha.cn:8080; #Apache1
}
## Start www.quancha.cn ##
server {
listen 80;
server_name *.quancha.cn;
access_log logs/quancha.access.log main;
error_log logs/quancha.error.log;
root html;
index index.html index.htm index.php;
## send request back to apache1 ##
location / {
proxy_pass http://apachephp;
proxy_cache my-cache;
proxy_cache_valid 200;
#Proxy Settings
proxy_redirect off;
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
proxy_next_upstream error timeout invalid_header http_500 http_502 http_503 http_504;
proxy_max_temp_file_size 0;
proxy_connect_timeout 90;
proxy_send_timeout 90;
proxy_read_timeout 90;
proxy_buffer_size 4k;
proxy_buffers 4 32k;
proxy_busy_buffers_size 64k;
proxy_temp_file_write_size 64k;
##End Proxy Settings
}
}
## End www.quancha.cn ##
}
配置文件中以proxy_開頭的指令我們大都可以字面意思得到理解。請務(wù)必注意一點(diǎn)proxy_cache_path和proxy_temp_path設(shè)置的目錄需要在同一分區(qū),因?yàn)樗鼈冎g是硬鏈接的關(guān)系。
最后啟動(dòng)nginx,來迎接著激動(dòng)人心的時(shí)刻吧。我已經(jīng)迫不及待了。如果文章哪里有問題或者你遇到了什么麻煩,可以留言讓我知道。
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