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問考 | 新高考英語作文新題型——讀后續(xù)寫,如何有效復(fù)習(xí)?

 山夫318 2017-05-03


    讀后續(xù)寫是新高考英語科目中的新題型,很多同學(xué)仍不太熟悉。今天,浙考微君邀請資深閱卷老師從2016年10月英語首考的真題切入,教大家如何復(fù)習(xí)。


首考真題回放

第二節(jié) 讀后續(xù)寫

閱讀下面短文,根據(jù)所給情節(jié)進(jìn)行續(xù)寫,使之構(gòu)成一個完整的故事。

One weekend in July, Jane and her husband, Tom, had driven three hours to camp overnight by a lake in the forest. Unfortunately ,on the way an unpleasant subject came up and they started to quarrel .By the time they reached the lake ,Jane was so angry that she said to Tom,“I’m going to find a better spot for us to camp”and walked away.

With no path to follow ,Jane just walked on for quite a long time .After she had climbed to a high place ,she turned around ,hoping to see the lake .To her surprise ,she saw nothing but forest and ,far beyond ,a  snowcapped mountain top .She suddenly realized that she was lost.

“Tom! ”she cried. “Help! ”

No reply .If only she had not left her mobile phone in that bag with Tom .Jane kept moving ,but the farther she walked ,the more confused she became .As night was beginning to fall ,Jane was so tired that she had to stop for the night .Lying awake in the dark ,Jane wanted very much to be with Tom and her family .She wanted to hold him and tell him how much she loved him.

Jane rose at the break of day,hungry and thirsty.She could hear water trickling(滴落)somewhere at a distance.Quickly she followed the sound to a stream.To her great joy,she also saw some berry bushes.She drank and ate a few berries.Never in her life had she tasted anything better.Feeling stronger now,Jane began to walk along the stream and hope it would lead her to the lake.

As she picked her way carefully along the stream,Jane heard a helicopter.Is that for me?Unfortunately,the trees made it impossible for people to see her from above.A few minutes later,another helicopter flew overhead.Jane took off her yellow blouse,thinking that she should go to an open area and flag them if they came back again.


注意:

1.所續(xù)寫短文的詞數(shù)應(yīng)為150左右;

2.應(yīng)使用5個以上短文中標(biāo)有下劃線的關(guān)鍵詞語;

3.續(xù)寫部分分為兩段,每段的開頭語已為你寫好;

4.續(xù)寫完成后,請用下劃線標(biāo)出你所使用的關(guān)鍵詞語。


答題情況分析及審題建議

 第一,從邏輯方面來看,大部分考生對故事的主要情節(jié)拓展基本做到了合情合理,銜接較為順暢。但是,也有不少考生構(gòu)思能力較為欠缺,無法在短時間內(nèi)理清故事脈絡(luò)以及寫作意圖,對所給的十個關(guān)鍵詞、兩段開頭語中提供的線索信息沒有很好利用,未實現(xiàn)語言交際的目的。


第二,從語言方面來看,大多數(shù)考生能做到語言的基本正確。但是很多考生仍然基礎(chǔ)薄弱,不能用英文傳達(dá)意義,出現(xiàn)一些低級錯誤。


第三,抄襲現(xiàn)象比較嚴(yán)重。抄襲的情況一般分為三類:抄自續(xù)寫原文部分,抄自試卷的其他部分(如閱讀題),或者之前背誦的某一段文章。由于讀后續(xù)寫的內(nèi)容連貫性強(qiáng),抄襲的同學(xué)很難渾水摸魚,往往以零分或低分告終。


第四,內(nèi)容創(chuàng)新不夠,平淡無奇。既然是故事,需要一定的情節(jié)構(gòu)思和布局,不要求考生必須出奇制勝,但也需要考生能有較清晰的邏輯思維能力和一定的創(chuàng)造能力,情節(jié)合情合理,達(dá)到最后的合理收官。


第五,整體卷面美觀程度有待提高,行文書寫體現(xiàn)不了語言美。


審題可從兩層面入手


讀后續(xù)寫,可以說是英語寫作的“集大成者”,它包含了“寫作”、“閱讀”、“分析”、“創(chuàng)造”。其中,最難的是合理的創(chuàng)造,即邏輯。那么,如何才能在故事續(xù)寫中做到合理審題、合理創(chuàng)造呢?我們可以從結(jié)構(gòu)閱讀、情節(jié)閱讀兩個層面分析。


既然是英語閱讀,那么無論是讀后續(xù)寫的篇章,還是閱讀理解題中的文章,都應(yīng)該堅持閱讀的最重要一步:分析全文結(jié)構(gòu)。閱讀理解類的文章,主要涉及社科類,偶爾有敘事類。但是,讀后續(xù)寫主要以故事類文本為主,閱讀理解中的結(jié)構(gòu)分析法仿佛一下子失去了作用。確實,故事類文本的分析與社科類文本的分析有很大區(qū)別。故事可能在邏輯上缺乏科學(xué)性,在情節(jié)上充滿跳躍性。不過,所有故事都離不開六要素:“who, when, where, what, how, why”。這才是故事的真正結(jié)構(gòu),因此考生在閱讀時,不應(yīng)該走馬觀花看情節(jié),而應(yīng)找出文章的六要素,然后將每個主要事件都用六要素串聯(lián)成一句話。這樣一來,冗長的故事就成了兩三句,文章的結(jié)構(gòu)自然水落石出。同時,考生還應(yīng)該分析答題紙中已給出的兩個開頭句包含的主要句子結(jié)構(gòu),這樣才能保證正確的寫作方向。


情節(jié)是故事生命力所在,不論一個故事辭藻多么華麗,沒有精妙的情節(jié)安排,詞匯都成了一紙空殼。為了寫出符合故事發(fā)展的“尾巴”,就必須先分析原文的情節(jié)發(fā)展方向。除了采用上文提到過的六要素分析法,在審題時還應(yīng)該著重分析三個點:起因、轉(zhuǎn)折、高潮。這三個點中,最重要的是起因與轉(zhuǎn)折。大家或許會問:為什么高潮部分不是最重要的?因為故事高潮基本都會留給考生自己去創(chuàng)造,即使原文中出現(xiàn)了故事的高潮,那也是次要的。只有確定了故事的起因,考生才能合理推斷這個起因會導(dǎo)致的可能結(jié)果;只有確定了故事的轉(zhuǎn)折,考生才能合理地將故事發(fā)展下去。不過,在設(shè)計情節(jié)時,同樣要考慮六要素,將它們串聯(lián)成一句話,再將這句話添磚加瓦變成段落。


優(yōu)秀范例點評

    范例一

But no more helicopters came and it was getting dark again. Immediately, an absolute darkness ruled the forest. Jane, exhausted and scared, lay down near a stone, missing her family at a distance. All the fantastic memory crowded in and she couldn’t help crying, “Hadn’t I quarreled with Tom, walked away and climbed to the high place, I wouldn’t be trapped in this awful place, confronted with the danger of dying.” She regretted with endless anxiety, and then became asleep with shining tears in her eyes.

It was daybreak when Jane woke up. Weak as she was, she struggled to her feet, continuing searching for assistance. To her great joy, a helicopter was flying overhead again and again. Eager and excited, she flagged her yellow blouse and spared no effort to yell so as to attract others’ attention. Fortunately, she was eventually noticed and brought into the helicopter. There, she saw her husband, a man staring at her, wearing an expression of relief. As tightly as possible, she hugged him and was too thrilled to say anything. Besides, they agreed never to quarrel again, determining to live the life to the fullest.


【點評】

該篇作文在邏輯、語言方面做到了平衡、全面、出色。

首先,在邏輯上,該篇文章做到了合理合情:起初,主人公身陷森林,內(nèi)心充滿了悔恨,在面對困難時焦慮、畏懼;之后,主人公努力求生,最終獲救,并且領(lǐng)悟到了一定的人生道理。縱觀整個故事,情節(jié)發(fā)展不僅符合兩段給出的開頭所限定的情景要求,而且還設(shè)置了一定的懸念,增強(qiáng)了故事的可讀性。

在語言上,這篇文章并沒有一味采用大詞、難詞,而是在高中詞匯范圍內(nèi)精挑細(xì)選,活用了許多小詞,增加了許多閱讀趣味。例如,文章第一句“an absolute darkness ruled the forest”中,“rule”一詞就使用了擬人的修辭手法,讓森林陰森黑暗的一面展露無遺,同時描繪出主人公身處絕境的緊迫性。在“Eager and excited, she flagged her yellow blouse...”一句中,直接將情緒形容詞放在句首,使用了非謂語動詞的語法,表達(dá)精練。

此外,“There, she saw her husband, a man staring at her, wearing an expression of relief.”一句中,使用了幾個短句,卻包含了兩處非謂語動詞語法,同時活用了“wear”一詞,把兩個人相見時的場景生動地描繪了出來。

總體來說,這篇文章反映出該考生課外閱讀較多,平時應(yīng)有較多練筆。


范例二

But no more helicopters came and it was getting dark again. Clusters of stars decorated the vast sky, weakly shining in the moon-eclipsed darkness. Rages and apprehension calmed down and exhaustions came dominating Jane as she hopelessly fell down into the soft grass. The transparent stream sounded amusing and was no longer as infuriated as the stream of her mind hours ago. She thought about Tom, memories flooding out as she closed her eyes and recalled the kindness of him. Regretfully, she fell asleep, flower singing adhering to her ears (flowers’ singing adhering to her ears).

It was daybreak when Jane woke up. Sunshine embraced the forest plain, reflecting to bloom her yellow blouse to be an attractive “flower”. In her sleepy eyes, a helicopter was right in the sky. Wild with joy, she jumped up, grabbing the blouse and flourishing it while crying. The helicopter spotted her and began to land on the grass. “It’s Tom! I know he will, he will come!” A pair of astounded hand reached Jane’s cheek. “Where did you go? If something happened to you, I’ll always have it on my conscience.” They hugged more tightly. “I’m sorry.” Jane said.


【點評】

這篇文章最大的特色就是語言能力非常突出。

首先,全文使用了非常多的高級詞匯,如“cluster, rage, dominate, infuriated”等等。這些詞匯不僅準(zhǔn)確地描繪出人物的動作,而且對環(huán)境描寫也更為生動。不過,其詞匯的使用也有一些只求大、不注意詞義搭配自然程度的嫌疑,甚至有誤用,如“adhere, flourish, astound”等。在修辭方面,文章多處使用擬人修辭手法,如“Clusters of stars decorated the vast sky, weakly shining in the moon-eclipsed darkness.”以及“Sunshine embraced the forest plain.”兩句中,兩個動詞“decorate”,“embrace”使用了擬人。在語法上,全文主要使用非謂語動詞,力求用最精練的語言表達(dá)出最生動的畫面。

值得一提的是,文章雖然沒有使用許多句式,但卻從沒給讀者句子重復(fù)、單調(diào)的感覺,究其原因,是作者巧妙地給每句話設(shè)置了不同的主語。另外,本文每句話采用的寫作切入角度也值得研究。例如,第一段中,作者從遠(yuǎn)景(stars, sky)到近景(stream),再到細(xì)節(jié)特寫(ears),勾勒出了故事發(fā)生的不同場景,讓故事顯得有血有肉,情節(jié)豐滿,這也成為了文章邏輯上的出彩點。


范例三

But no more helicopters came and it was getting dark again. Desperate and hopeless, Jane knelt down, tears streaming down her face. Never in her wildest dream had she thought that she would run into such serious trouble. However, she had no alternative but pace back and forth in the forest. It suddenly occurred to her that she had a family and Tom to attend to, anyway, she should try her best to find the lake. After seemingly a long time, Jane felt tired and lay down in the darkness.

It was daybreak when Jane woke up. She picked up the confidence and slowly walked along the stream. To her great joy, she eventually arrived at an open area. Praying that the helicopter will come back again, Jane sat down. After what seemed a long time, she could hear a voice somewhere at a distance. With her eyes sparkling, she struggled to her feet and shouted, “I’m here!” To her surprise, it was Tom. Upon seeing Jane, Tom immediately rushed out to her, folding his arms around her.


【點評】

首先,在邏輯上,文章前半段對劇情的合理拓展非常符合情境:主人公從悔恨到無奈,最終鼓起勇氣尋找出路。情節(jié)的豐富曲折增強(qiáng)了故事的可讀性。

在語言方面,文章使用了多種句型,如“Never in her wildest dream had she thought that she would run into such serious trouble.”一句使用了倒裝句;“It suddenly occurred to her that she had a family and Tom to attend to.”一句用了主語從句;“Praying that the helicopter will come back again, Jane sat down.”一句使用了非謂語動詞。句型的多變避免了句子的單調(diào)乏味,使文章更有靈性。同時,一些詞匯的使用也使文章比較生動,例如“Desperate and hopeless, Jane knelt down, tear streaming down her face.”一句中,“stream”的使用非常貼切。


范例四

But no more helicopters came and it was getting dark again. Feeling unbearably cold and extremely exhausted, Jane was quite at a loss as to how to cope with the terrible situation. She could do nothing but keep on going to find an open place, praying that the helicopter would come again. Nevertheless, there was not a soul in sight and everything was so dead-looking. Being in the depth of despair, Jane tried in vain to keep back her tears and promised herself that she would by no means quarrel with Tom again. So weak was Jane that she lay on the ground and fell asleep again.

It was daybreak when Jane woke up. To her great joy, a helicopter was just right over her head. She yelled with all her strength in a desperate attempt to free herself. This time, luckily, Jane was spotted and ultimately saved by the people in the helicopter. Then she was sent to the local police station. At the front door stood her dear husband who suffered great anxiety when Jane was nowhere to be found. Tears of joy and relief welled up as they finally held each other tightly. Jane’s yellow blouse was badly worn out but that’s no big deal. What was more significant was that they started to know that toleration would always be the best policy.


【點評】

該作文最大的亮點在于其語言的地道性。從文中使用了“at a loss”,“in a desperate attempt”,“spot”,“worn out”等詞。同時,該考生的組句能力也非常出色。文章中出現(xiàn)了多個長句、復(fù)雜句,例如“Feeling unbearably cold and extremely exhausted, Jane was quite at a loss as to how to cope with the terrible situation.”一句中,非謂語動詞是其中的亮點語法,表達(dá)了人物當(dāng)時的身體狀況。

值得一提的是,該篇作文中沒有一處出現(xiàn)人物對話,但仍然保證了故事的可讀性與真實感。為何?因為作者對故事的各個情境、人物的動作、心理活動等方面都進(jìn)行了細(xì)致入微的描繪,代替了語言相對簡單的對話,反而讓文章的語言顯得更書面化。這一點,值得各位考生借鑒——人物對話寫得越多,意味著作文的口語程度越高,往往不太容易得分,如果犯錯,卻容易失分,所以不太建議用大量對話。


考場寫作注意三點

審題邏輯與情節(jié)的碰撞


讀后續(xù)寫作為新題型,對學(xué)生的審題在量與質(zhì)兩方面提出了前所未有的復(fù)雜要求。面對長篇文章,許多考生第一想法是直接下手閱讀,但是,我們在分析敘事篇章時,應(yīng)該先追本溯源,明確其寫作六要素。不論故事多么復(fù)雜,都可以把其中的主要事件用六要素串聯(lián)成單句。


再來談?wù)勄楣?jié)。根據(jù)情節(jié)邏輯的發(fā)展,在合理合情的范圍內(nèi)發(fā)散故事情節(jié),用短句或關(guān)鍵詞寫下故事剩余部分的大事件:轉(zhuǎn)折點、高潮、結(jié)局。這樣一來,故事的骨架就設(shè)立起來了,在之后的寫作過程中,考生能避免寫偏寫怪。例如:


第一段:“No more helicopters came and it was getting dark again.” 可以理解成作者的陳述,也可以當(dāng)成Jane對形勢的判斷,故接下來續(xù)寫:a) Jane如何吃飽如何找到安全的地方休息,如何滿心失望與后悔并鼓勵自己堅持下去。 b) Jane放棄直升機(jī)營救,在月光等條件允許下沿著stream繼續(xù)走,試圖走到lake。


無論a還是b,Jane都在不安與期待中入睡。


第二段:a)Jane獲救,可以是直升機(jī)方式,也可以是走到lake見到Tom, 還可以半路上見到Tom所在的救援隊;當(dāng)然,最好的方式是直升機(jī)營救。b)獲救時的表情、動作與心情也重點描繪。c)結(jié)尾可作簡短的點題。


如果是摔倒,體力不支昏迷,可以第二段寫人在醫(yī)院或家里。


讀后續(xù)寫中還有一個新穎、重要的要求:選擇五個及以上下劃線詞。我們可以按照以下方法選擇下劃線詞:⑴將每個下劃線詞與六要素一一對應(yīng);⑵ 找出who, what, how對應(yīng)的下劃線詞,這些詞就是文章的主干信息點,考生應(yīng)該盡量多選擇這些詞匯,易于后文的故事組織。


    寫作堅持信、達(dá)、雅


    “信、達(dá)、雅”分別指邏輯準(zhǔn)確、詞句正確、語言優(yōu)美。邏輯方面,我們已經(jīng)在上文深入分析過。那么如何做到詞句正確、語言優(yōu)美?


⑴  詞句正確:詞性詞形不可亂

典型的詞性詞形錯誤有:動詞與名詞混用,形容詞與副詞混用,動詞單數(shù)形式錯用,動詞時態(tài)錯用,名詞單復(fù)數(shù)形式錯用。

例如:①because she want to… ; ② Jane want to wait; ③But she succeed; ④ She flag her yellow blouse at a distance ;⑤ She hold him and tell him how much she loved him.; ⑥Ehausted, she fall asleep.

正確版:① because she wanted to…; ② Jane wanted to wait; ③ But she succeeded; ④She flagged her yellow blouse at a distance; ⑤ She held him and told him how much she loved him; ⑥ Exhausted, she fell asleep.


⑵   語言優(yōu)美:大詞用對、小詞用活

例如 “Clusters of stars decorated the vast sky, weakly shining in the moon-eclipsed darkness.”一眼看過去,這句話非常出色。語法上使用了非謂語動詞;語言上使用了許多大詞,如“cluster, eclipse”。 不過,大詞雖好,應(yīng)注意正確性,小詞雖普通,卻也能畫龍點睛。如單詞“weakly”就是點睛之筆?!皐eakly”本意為“虛弱地”,在該句中表達(dá)的是星星隱隱閃現(xiàn)的景象。


復(fù)查:語言、邏輯、規(guī)范


寫后復(fù)查是作文的保險杠,復(fù)查主要應(yīng)關(guān)注時態(tài)、句型、邏輯、標(biāo)點等問題。檢查句型時,考生應(yīng)側(cè)重句子的語法與語氣檢查,一定要分析句子主干是否完整,同時,句子的肯定、否定等語氣也需要仔細(xì)檢查。


邏輯的檢查也是必不可少的環(huán)節(jié)。要注意在上下文中選用合適的邏輯連詞。需要指出的是,語義的連貫也是邏輯順暢的表現(xiàn)。如果在短短的上下文中大量采用邏輯連詞,反而可能生硬牽強(qiáng)。標(biāo)點的正確書寫也很容易被忽視。逗號與句號的清晰書寫也是需要考生關(guān)注的。


另外,需要仔細(xì)檢查其他的一致性,如人稱的一致性、單復(fù)數(shù)的一致性。


最后需要強(qiáng)調(diào)下劃線詞語的選用、字?jǐn)?shù)控制和卷面整潔等問題。


原文刊載于《浙江考試》2017年第1期



制作:浙江考試新媒體編輯

責(zé)編:黃梓馨

監(jiān)制:鮑夏超

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