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高考對(duì)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的考查在每份試卷中都有一定的份量，并主要體現(xiàn)在以下幾點(diǎn)： 一、時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài) 歷年全國(guó)各地高考試題都比較集中地考查以下幾種基本時(shí)態(tài)：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，一般過(guò)去時(shí)，一般將來(lái)時(shí)，現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，現(xiàn)在完成（進(jìn)行）時(shí)和過(guò)去完成時(shí)等。命題規(guī)律一般是在比較復(fù)雜的句子結(jié)構(gòu)中或在特寫的語(yǔ)境中，將時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)合在一起進(jìn)行考查。有的試題帶有特征性的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)；有的試題沒(méi)有這樣的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，但有上下文暗示；有的試題既有時(shí)間暗示，也有上下文暗示。解題技巧在于要運(yùn)用排除法，通過(guò)查找句子中的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)來(lái)、上下文的暗示、主從復(fù)合句的時(shí)態(tài)一致規(guī)律來(lái)把握時(shí)態(tài)。每年各地考查時(shí)態(tài)的題目都很多，特舉以下數(shù)例來(lái)作說(shuō)明： 【考例】 ?、佟猋ou look very tired. ____ at all last night? —No, not really. I’m tired out now. 【2006年陜西卷】 A. Do you sleep B. Were you sleeping C. Did you sleep D. Had you slept 【解析】題干中有具體的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)last night，排除選項(xiàng)A和D。問(wèn)話人的前提是“你（現(xiàn)在）看上去很累”，因此更關(guān)心的是“昨晚睡沒(méi)睡”的問(wèn)題，而不是“昨晚某時(shí)候正在睡覺(jué)”的問(wèn)題，所以答案選C。 ②It is said that the early European playing-cards ____ for entertainment and education. 【2006年遼寧卷】 A. were being designed B. have designed C. have been designed D. were designed 【解析】 題干中有early一詞暗指過(guò)去時(shí)間，可排除B和C項(xiàng)。說(shuō)話人只是在陳述這一過(guò)去所發(fā)生的事實(shí)，故不用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，答案選D。 ?、跿hey ____ on the program for almost one week before I joined them, and now we____ it as no good results have come out so far. 【2005年江蘇卷】 A. had been working; are still working B. had worked; were still working C. have been working; have worked D. have worked; are still working 【解析】題干前一句中動(dòng)作發(fā)生在“before I joined”之前，應(yīng)用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，排除C和D項(xiàng)；后一句中有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)now，屬于現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)范疇，因此可以排除B項(xiàng)，正確答案為A項(xiàng)。 ?、躄adies and gentlemen, please fasten your seat belts. The plane ____.【2006年福建卷】 A. takes off B. is taking off C. has taken off D. took off 【解析】 題干所表示的是航班乘務(wù)員在通知乘客系好安全帶，其原因是“飛機(jī)馬上要起飛了”，“take off”要用進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來(lái)時(shí)。答案選B。A項(xiàng)也可用現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)，但必須接有時(shí)刻類的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，傳達(dá)的是車、船、飛機(jī)將按所安排好的時(shí)刻起程。2006年四川卷第22題也是如此。 ⑤ —I was wondering if we could go skiing on the weekend. ―____ good. 【2006年湖北卷】 A. Sound B. Sounded C. Sounding D. Sounds 【解析】注意語(yǔ)言所隱含的交際功能：上一句所傳達(dá)的是一種提議，語(yǔ)氣委婉。下一句表示陳述一種事實(shí)，為“It(Your suggestion) sounds good”的省略。答案D。 ?、?—Your job ____ open for your return. —Thanks. 【2006年北京卷】 A. will be kept B. will keep C. had kept D. had been kept 【解析】注意做題的切入點(diǎn)在于要理解上文意為“你的工作將給保留著，等著你的歸來(lái)”，是一種承諾，首先考慮應(yīng)用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，排除B和C項(xiàng)；其次“承諾”的是將來(lái)的事情，故可排除D項(xiàng)。答案只有A。 ?、?Since I won the big prize, my telephone hasn’t stopped ringing. People _______ to ask how I am going to spend the money. 【2005年湖南卷】 A. phone B. will phone C. were phoning D. are phoning 【解析】根據(jù)上文“hasn’t stopped ringing”這一事實(shí)來(lái)看，“phone to ask”應(yīng)該是這一階段正在發(fā)生的事情，這一時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)表示。答案D。 ?、?—Where did you put the car keys? —Oh, I ____ I put them on the chair because the phone rang as I ____ in. 【2006年北京卷】 A. remembered; come B. remembered; was coming C. remember; come D. remember; was coming 【解析】下文的交待應(yīng)該是我“現(xiàn)在”所記得的事情，故第一空應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)，排除A和B項(xiàng)；第二空用在as引起的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中，應(yīng)和“rang”保持一致，故可排除C項(xiàng)。答案D。 二、考查主從句中時(shí)態(tài)的呼應(yīng) 除表示客觀真理外，賓語(yǔ)從句、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句和條件狀語(yǔ)從句等應(yīng)當(dāng)與主句的時(shí)態(tài)保持一致，即主句現(xiàn)在時(shí)或?qū)?lái)時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句用所需要的時(shí)態(tài)，時(shí)間和條件狀語(yǔ)從句表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作時(shí)要用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。主句過(guò)去時(shí)，從句要用相應(yīng)的過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)。另外，主語(yǔ)從句、定語(yǔ)從句和并列句有時(shí)要根據(jù)語(yǔ)境的需要與主句保持一定的呼應(yīng)關(guān)系。如： 【考例】 ?、賂he house could fall down soon if no one ____ some quick repair work. 【2004年全國(guó)卷Ⅳ】 A. has done B. is doing C. does D. had done 【解析】注意主句中的“could”不是過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)，而是表示猜測(cè)的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，視為現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)，if引起的條件狀語(yǔ)從句應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)，應(yīng)排除D項(xiàng)。A項(xiàng)表示“已經(jīng)做好”，B項(xiàng)表示“正在做”，C項(xiàng)表示“（去）做”，最佳答案C。2005年全國(guó)卷I第28題與此題類似。 ?、贗 think it is necessary for my 19-year-old son to have his own mobile phone, for I sometimes want to make sure if he ____ home for dinner. 【2006年遼寧卷】 A. come B. comes C. has come D. will come 【解析】此題同學(xué)們?nèi)菀族e(cuò)選B，以為if從句表示條件。同例①不同的是，if從句在此為一賓語(yǔ)從句，主句中“want to make sure”為現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)，賓語(yǔ)從句可用所需要的任何時(shí)態(tài)，句意所要表達(dá)的是“確信他是否打算回家吃飯”這一信息，故D為正確答案。 ③The moment the 28th Olympic Games ____ open, the whole world cheered. 【2006年福建卷】 A. declared B. have been declared C. have declared D. were declared 【解析】注意the moment相當(dāng)于“as soon as”引導(dǎo)一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，主句中為過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)，因此時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中不會(huì)用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)，排除B和C項(xiàng)。從句中主謂為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，答案只有D。 ?、躀t is said in the book that Thomas Edison (1847--1931) ____ the world leading inventor for sixty years. 【2004年遼寧卷】 A. would be B. has been C. had been D. was 【解析】主句為現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)，主語(yǔ)從句中有具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)“for sixty years”，又提供了Edison的生卒年代（1847--1931），只能選用一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)。答案D。 ⑤In a room above the store, where a party ____, some workers were busily setting the table. 【2006年湖南卷】 A. was to be held B. has been held C. will be held D. is being held 【解析】主語(yǔ)從句和定語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)與主句的時(shí)態(tài)不一定非要保持一致，但有時(shí)需要一定的呼應(yīng)。題干中整個(gè)語(yǔ)境置于過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)，陳述的是一個(gè)過(guò)去所發(fā)生的事情（與現(xiàn)在無(wú)關(guān)），因此，定語(yǔ)從句所表達(dá)的事情也只能是相對(duì)于“setting the table”而言的。正確答案應(yīng)選A。 ⑥Months ago we sailed ten thousand miles across this open sea, which _____the Pacific, and we met no storms. 【2005年遼寧卷】 A. was called B. is called C. had been called D. has been called 【解析】含空的句子為一定語(yǔ)從句，表達(dá)的是一個(gè)客觀事實(shí)，故只能用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)，答案B。 ?、進(jìn)y cousin went to Canada two years ago. He ____ there for a few months and then went to America.【2006年江西卷】 A. worked B. would work C. would be working D. has been working 【解析】注意題干中的所表達(dá)的三個(gè)動(dòng)作已經(jīng)發(fā)生，有順承的先后關(guān)系，這種情況下該動(dòng)詞應(yīng)與其他兩個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式保持一致。答案A。 ⑧ —What were you doing when Tony phoned you? —I had just finished my work and ____ to take a shower. 【2004年天津卷】 A. had started B. started C. have started D. was starting 【解析】本題特別刁鉆，考生會(huì)一不小心選A。雖然也有順承關(guān)系，但后一動(dòng)作不一定已經(jīng)發(fā)生，此處表示的是“正即將開(kāi)始”，答案為D。 三、考查被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 主語(yǔ)為動(dòng)作的接受者時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)該使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。命題人慣常的作法是將被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與時(shí)態(tài)結(jié)合在一起進(jìn)行考查，但有時(shí)也伴隨有其他意圖。如： 【考例】 ①M(fèi)ore patients ____ in hospital this year than last year. 【2004年江蘇卷】 A. treated B. have treated C. had been treated D. have been treated 【解析】主語(yǔ)“patients”與動(dòng)詞“treat”為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，可排除A項(xiàng)和B項(xiàng)。命題人兼顧對(duì)時(shí)態(tài)進(jìn)行了考查。該謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)是“this year”而非“l(fā)ast year”，所以正確答案為D。 ?、赟arah, hurry up. I’m afraid you can’t have time to _____ before the party. 【2004年全國(guó)卷I】 A. get changed B. get change C. get changing D. get to change 【解析】考查被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)另一種表達(dá)方式：get + p.p.，答案A。 四、考查主謂一致和倒裝句與助動(dòng)詞的用法 這一方面的考題其實(shí)并不難，但需要考生將常見(jiàn)的一些表達(dá)方法熟記在心，如主語(yǔ)后接介詞with、as well as、except等短語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)要用單數(shù)形式；quantities of/a number of/the number of +主語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)形式；從句作主語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)形式；否定意義的詞語(yǔ)置于句首時(shí)句子要倒裝等等。請(qǐng)看考例： 【考例】 ?、貽f the making of good books there is no end; neither ____ any end to their influence man’s lives. 【2004年廣東卷】 A. there is B. there are C. is there D. are there 【解析】否定意義副詞neither置于句首，句子倒裝；主語(yǔ)“any end”為單數(shù)，答案C。 ②They have a good knowledge of English but little ____ they know about German. 【2005年天津卷】 A. have B. did C. had D. do 【解析】little置于句首，句子倒裝；題干為并列句，前后時(shí)態(tài)一致，答案D。 ?、跘 poet and artist ________ coming to speak to us about Chinese literature and painting tomorrow afternoon. 【2006年江蘇卷】 A. is B. are C. was D. were 【解析】“a poet and artist”是同一人，謂語(yǔ)為單數(shù)；時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)“tomorrow afternoon”表明應(yīng)該用將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)，趁向性動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞“come”用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)表將來(lái)，答案選A。 五、考查句型結(jié)構(gòu) 某些句型結(jié)構(gòu)中的時(shí)態(tài)用法是死的，平時(shí)熟記它們則解題并不難。如“祈使句（動(dòng)詞原形）+并列連詞+分句(can, may, will+動(dòng)詞原形)”、“Sb. was doing sth./was about to do sth./had done sth. when(并列連詞‘這時(shí)’) sth. else happened”等，正確認(rèn)識(shí)題干中的并列連詞是解題的關(guān)鍵。 【考例】 ①Let’s keep to the point or we ____ any decisions. 【2004年全國(guó)卷I】 A. will never reach B. have never reached C. never reach D. never reached 【解析】見(jiàn)“Do…or…（從句用will+動(dòng)詞原形）”這一句型，答案A。 ?、?____ straight on and you’ll see a church. You won’t miss it. 【2004年湖北卷】 A. Go B. Going C. If you go D. When going 【解析】見(jiàn)“and you’ll see”的暗示，前一分句為祈使句，答案A。 ③ I ____along the street looking for a place to park when the accident ____. 【2006年安徽卷】 A. went; was occurring B. went; occurred C. was going; occurred D. was going; had occurred 【解析】題干表示的是“我正在做著某事，這時(shí)發(fā)生了一件事故”，屬于“Sb. was doing sth. when sth. else happened”這一句型。答案C。 在平時(shí)英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中，許多學(xué)生容易在時(shí)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)題上失分，由此而產(chǎn)生懼怕心理，但只要平時(shí)多鉆研規(guī)律，真正體會(huì)用到它們的語(yǔ)言環(huán)境，掌握時(shí)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)和句型結(jié)構(gòu)的表達(dá)形式，此類試題便可突破。 |
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