 生物質(zhì)是唯一可再生的、廉價的可用能源來源。歐洲國家必須確保其來源的可持續(xù)性，寫自Philip Lowe。 Biomass is the only renewable, affordable energy source available on-demand. European countries need to make sure it is sourced sustainably, writes Philip Lowe.  Philip Lowe是在歐盟委員會競爭（2002-2010）和能源（2010- 2014年）前總干事。自2013年以來，他是英國反壟斷機構(gòu)競爭與市場部門(UK Competition and Markets Authority,簡稱CMA)的非執(zhí)行董事。本文純粹是其個人意見，他的評論不代表歐盟委員會或英國CMA。 Philip Lowe is former Director General for Competition (2002-2010) and Energy (2010-2014) at the European Commission. Since 2013, he is a non-executive director of the UK Competition and Markets Authority. He is writing in a purely personal capacity and his comments should not be interpreted as either reflecting or engaging the views of the European Commission or the UK CMA. 歐盟成員國在競爭激烈的低碳經(jīng)濟上取得了巨大的進步。然而，朝著低成本、低碳能源結(jié)構(gòu)進一步發(fā)展面臨著第三個關鍵能源挑戰(zhàn)：供應安全。 European member states have made huge strides towards a competitive low-carbon economy. Yet further progress towards a low-cost, low-carbon energy mix is being undermined by a failure to meet the third key energy challenge: security of supply. 我們都知道歐盟長期可行的能源結(jié)構(gòu)必須包括減少煤炭的使用。但沒有其他電力系統(tǒng)可以像它那樣提供可靠的按需功率。風能和太陽能等可再生能源的作用日益突出。但他們的間歇性意味著他們不能單獨成為可靠、低碳的化石燃料替代品。We all know that unabated coal cannot be a viable part of the EU’s long-term energy mix. But no electricity system can function without the kind of reliable, on-demand power it provides. Renewables like wind and solar are playing – and must play – an increasingly prominent role. But their intermittency means they alone cannot provide a reliable, low-carbon alternative to fossil fuels. 我們需要強大的可再生能源，幫助過渡到低碳經(jīng)濟。沒有他們，我們永遠不會打破我們對煤炭和石油的依賴。We need on-demand, robust renewable power sources to fulfill this vital role in the transition to a low-carbon economy. Without them, we will never break our dependence on coal and oil.  可再生、但不可靠的是一種虛假的經(jīng)濟 Renewable but unreliable is a false economy 可持續(xù)生物質(zhì)是唯一可再生的、廉價的能源來源，目前可用于基荷和彈性發(fā)電。它可以不斷地迅速運行來填補一個意想不到的供應缺口。因此，它提供了一個穩(wěn)定的平臺，可以支持間歇性可再生能源技術，并有助于填補即將卸任的化石燃料產(chǎn)生的空間。 Sustainable biomass is the only renewable, affordable energy source that is currently capable for both baseload and flexible generation. It can run constantly, or be quickly mobilised to fill an unexpected supply gap. So it provides a stable platform that can support intermittent renewable technologies, and help fill the space created by outgoing fossil fuels. 當然，生物質(zhì)不是“銀色”子彈（指極端有效性的解決方法）。投資它的同時不應該阻止我們發(fā)展其他可再生能源。但是，生物質(zhì)是一個多元化的低碳混合能源結(jié)構(gòu)的必要補充部分 - 與氣、風能、太陽能和其他一起入主電網(wǎng)。Of course, biomass is not a ‘silver’ bullet. And investment in it should not stop us developing other renewables. But biomass is a necessary and complementary part of a diverse low-carbon mix – alongside gas, wind, solar and others – which feeds the grid. 德國經(jīng)常是被看作為如何過渡到清潔經(jīng)濟的一個標桿，但它仍然依賴于新建燃煤電廠，僅僅是為了滿足其基荷需求。該國在能源結(jié)構(gòu)中清潔能源的比重達到25％。然而，與此同時煤炭現(xiàn)在占所有發(fā)電的45％，而且這個數(shù)字還在上升。環(huán)境部已經(jīng)警告德國可能會錯過2020年的目標實現(xiàn)在1990年水平上40％的減排。如果繼續(xù)下去，缺口將在5％至8％。Germany is often held up as an example of how to transition to a clean economy, but it still relies on newly built coal plants simply to meet its baseload needs. The country has seen the share of clean power in the energy mix rise to around 25%. Yet at the same time coal now accounts for 45% of all generation, and this figure is set to increase. The environment ministry has already warned Germany may miss its 2020 goal to achieve 40% emissions reductions on 1990 levels. If trends continue, the shortfall will be 5 to 8%. 對此，德國能源部長Sigmar Gabriel提出對燃煤發(fā)電機排放上限的制度。許多老電站可能被淘汰。生物質(zhì)為改造一些電站提供了機會，以滿足基荷缺口，同時還實現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟實惠的減排。通過改造現(xiàn)有廠房發(fā)電機可以削減土地、新的電網(wǎng)連接，規(guī)劃許可等成本。In response, German Energy Minister Sigmar Gabriel recently proposed a system of caps on coal generator emissions. Many older stations look likely to retire if this becomes law. Biomass offers an opportunity to convert some stations and meet baseload shortfall, while still achieving emission reductions affordably. By converting existing plant generators can slash the costs of land assembly, new grid connections, planning permissions and more. 瑞典已經(jīng)成功踐行了。當今生物能源是整體能源組合的最大來源，占瑞典能源消耗的三分之一。自1990年以來，瑞典經(jīng)濟的實質(zhì)增長超過50％，與此同時，溫室氣體排放量已經(jīng)下降了23％。經(jīng)濟增長和排放量脫鉤主要因素是瑞典各個行業(yè)穩(wěn)定增加生物能源的使用。Sweden is already getting it right. Bioenergy is today the largest source of energy in the overall mix, accounting for one-third of Sweden’s energy consumption. Since 1990, the Swedish economy has grown by more than 50% in real terms, and at the same time, greenhouse gas emissions have decreased by 23%. A leading factor in this decoupling between economic growth and emissions is the steady growth of bioenergy use, in all sectors of the Swedish economy. 林業(yè)生物質(zhì)的影響 A wood that pays, stays 最新的科學分析發(fā)現(xiàn)，利用可持續(xù)林業(yè)與生物能源明確的碳效益。像英國Drax項目，直接作為煤炭的替代品，可持續(xù)生物質(zhì)已經(jīng)實現(xiàn)80％以上的碳減排，表明可再生基荷斷開是可以避免的。 Extensive, up-to-date and peer-reviewed scientific analyses find clear carbon benefits in partnering sustainable forestry with biomass energy. Projects like Drax in the UK, where sustainable biomass already generates carbon savings of over 80% compared with the coal it directly replaces, show that the renewable-baseload disconnect can be avoided.  至關重要的是，森林生物質(zhì)是可持續(xù)來源。歐盟委員會發(fā)布了可持續(xù)發(fā)展的標準建議，一些成員國已經(jīng)制定具有約束力的法律，以確保在那些以生物質(zhì)為能源的地方實行高標準的林業(yè)法規(guī)。這些補充美國和加拿大的林業(yè)保護法，包括清潔空氣法案、瀕危物種法案、雷斯法案以及一系列州和省的規(guī)定。 It is crucial that forest biomass is sourced sustainably. The European Commission has issued recommendations on sustainability criteria and a number of member states have developed binding legislation to ensure that high standards of forestry are enforced wherever they source biomass for energy. These complement American and Canadian laws protecting forestry, including the Clean Air Act, the Endangered Species Act, the Lacey Act and a range of state and province regulations. 歐盟委員會擔憂，煤炭轉(zhuǎn)換所需的進口規(guī)模（每單元轉(zhuǎn)換約150-200萬噸木屑顆粒）來源于北美的話，可能擾亂低等級木材市場的競爭。然而，全球森林規(guī)模和能力不斷增長意味著歐洲發(fā)展生物質(zhì)既不傷害價格也不損害林業(yè)。The European Commission has highlighted concerns that imports of the scale required for a coal conversion (about 1.5-2 million tonnes of wood pellets for each unit converted) from North America might distort competition in low-grade wood markets. Yet the scale and growing capacity of global forests mean that European biomass hurts neither price nor forestry practices. 僅2012年，根據(jù)美國農(nóng)業(yè)部的數(shù)據(jù)，森林蓄積量增加了1.2億立方米。因此，供應可以滿足需求，沒有破壞性的競爭。而且，美國農(nóng)業(yè)部自然資源和環(huán)境副秘書長Robert Bonnie表示，如果美國繼續(xù)恢復森林，然后一個充滿活力、有生物質(zhì)的需求產(chǎn)業(yè)是至關重要的。In 2012 alone, according to USDA data, there was an increase in forest volumes of 120 million m3. So, clearly, supply can meet demand without damaging competition. And, Robert Bonnie, Under Secretary for Natural Resources and Environment at USDA recently said that if the US is going to continue to restore its forests then a vibrant industry, with demand for biomass, is vital. 學習德國經(jīng)驗 Learning lessons from Germany 我們需要投資者和決策者學習德國的經(jīng)驗，在德國已經(jīng)實現(xiàn)了可再生能源的目標，但吸取他們經(jīng)驗教訓，他們正在尋找價格實惠的基荷電力。其實生物質(zhì)就是他們要尋找的答案 - 集可再生、可靠、按需和成本效益一體。 We need investors and policymakers to learn lessons from Germany, where renewables targets have already been met but where they are now at the mercy of the search for affordable, functional baseload power. Biomass offers an answer – renewable, reliable, on-demand and cost-effective. 歐洲氣候友好型能源結(jié)構(gòu)必將是利用更多的天然氣和更少的煤炭，但較大幅度的利用生物質(zhì)能，將有助于歐洲更高層次發(fā)展可再生能源，減少化石燃料進口。More gas and less coal will certainly make a contribution to a climate-friendly energy mix in Europe, but a more substantial use of biomass will help to move Europe towards a higher level of renewables and a lower import bill for fossil fuels. 我們需要一個平衡的能源結(jié)構(gòu)，生物質(zhì)在幫助歐盟成員國實現(xiàn)碳減排效益以及在保障歐洲的能源未來中發(fā)揮關鍵作用。We require a balanced energy mix, and biomass has a critical role to play in helping EU member states to deliver cost-effective carbon savings while securing Europe’s energy future. 來源：Euractiv |
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來自： 昵稱30625540 > 《生物質(zhì)》
