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Key Concepts in Chinese Thought and Culture“天”是中國古代思想中具有神圣性和終極意義的一個概念。主要有三種不同的含義：其一，指自然意義上的天空或人世之外的整個自然界，其運(yùn)行呈現(xiàn)出一定的規(guī)律和秩序；其二，指主宰萬物的具有人格意志的神靈；其三，指萬事萬物所遵循的普遍法則，同時也是人的心性、道德以及社會和政治秩序的依據(jù)。 Tian is a sacred and fundamental concept in ancient Chinese philosophy. It has three different meaning. The first is the physical sky or the entirety of nature (not including human society), the operations of which manifest certain laws and order. The second refers to a spiritual being, which possesses an anthropomorphic will and governs everything in the universe. The third denotes the universal law, which is observed by all things and beings, and which is also the basis of human nature, morality, and social and political orders.(天的運(yùn)行有其固定的規(guī)律，不因?yàn)閳虻馁t明而存在，不因?yàn)殍畹谋┡岸А?Heaven acts according to its inherent laws. It does not exist due to the virtue of Yao, nor will it disappear because of the tyranny of Jie. (Xunzi)Heaven trusts and blesses the people. (The Book of History)Heaven is the overarching law of the universe. (Writings of the Cheng Brothers)
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