1.語法一致原則 (1)謂語的單復(fù)數(shù)要和主語的單復(fù)數(shù)相一致。如: A number of students in our school are from the country.我們學(xué)校很多同學(xué)來自農(nóng)村。 The number of students in our school is more than 2000.我們學(xué)校的學(xué)生人數(shù)超過了2000。 (2)在主謂倒裝的句子中,謂語動詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與其后的主語一致。如: In front of the room stands a tree. 房前有棵樹。 There are two computers on the desk. 桌子上有兩臺計算機。 (3)一些由兩部分構(gòu)成的名詞表示衣物或工具作主語時,謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。這類詞常見的有:glasses, clothes, trousers, shoes, compasses, chopsticks, scissors等。如: The black shoes are nicer.黑鞋較好一點。 The scissors are in the drawer. 剪刀在抽屜里。 但當(dāng)它們前邊有“pair(kind,type,form, box)+of”結(jié)構(gòu)修飾時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)取決于這些詞是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)。如: A pair of chopsticks is on the atble. 桌子上有一雙筷子。 Three new kinds of shoes are on show today. 今天有三種新鞋在展覽。 (4)“some(any,no,every)+thing(body,one)” 構(gòu)成的不定代詞作主語,謂語用單數(shù)。如: In a small village everybody knows everybody else. 在一個小村子人人都互相認(rèn)識。 Everything goes well with me. 我的一切進(jìn)展很好。 (5)不定代詞any, either, neither, none, all,some, more作主語時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)要視其在文中的意義而定。如: All invited are present. 所有被邀請的人都到了。 More has been said about the matter. 關(guān)于這件事情又多說了幾句。 (6)名詞性從句或非謂語動詞形式作主語時,謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)形式。如: To listen to music is my greatest pleasure. 聽音樂是我最大的樂趣。 Whether she will come is still a question. 她是否來還是個問題。 (7)“分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)+of+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu),如果of后是復(fù)數(shù)名詞,其謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式;如果of后的名詞為不可數(shù)名詞,其謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。如: More than 70 percent of the surface of the earth is covered by water.地球表面70%多被水覆蓋。 One fourth of the students in our class are League members. 我們班有四分之一的同學(xué)是團員。 (8)在“one of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+定語從句”結(jié)構(gòu)中,其定語從句修飾of后的復(fù)數(shù)名詞,這時定語從句中的謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。如: He is one of the students who are from the north.他是從北方來的學(xué)生之一。 This is one of the most difficult questions that have been asked. 這是所提出的最困難的問題之一。 但是,當(dāng)one前有the,the only等修飾語時,這時從句限定one,從句中的謂語動詞應(yīng)該用單數(shù)形式。如: She was the only one of the girls who was late. 她是唯一一個遲到的女生。 (9)由each,every,no所修飾的不同的單數(shù)名詞即使用and連接,謂語動詞仍用單數(shù)形式。如: Every teacher and every student has been there.每一個老師和學(xué)生都去過那兒。 Each boy and each girl wants to have a chance..每一個男孩和女孩都想有一次機會。 2.意義一致原則 (1)一些形式為復(fù)數(shù),而意義卻是單數(shù)的名詞,如news,works, maths,physics,politics,means the United States,The Arabian Nights等,謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。如: The United States belongs to the first world. 美國屬于第一世界。 Politics is much more difficult than physics. 政治比物理難得多。 (2)一些集體名詞,如class,family,club,crew, crowd,government,group,party,public,team等,如果作為一個整體看待,謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式,如果就其中一個個成員而言,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如: Our team is the best team in the league. 我們球隊是聯(lián)賽中最好的球隊。 My family are interested in football. 我家人都對足球感興趣。 (3)people,cattle,police表“總稱”,以及both,a few,many,several作主語時,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如: The police are looking for the lost child. 警察正在搜尋丟失的孩子。 Both should make concessions. 雙方都應(yīng)讓步。 (4)當(dāng)名詞詞組中心詞為表示度量、金錢、時間、距離或數(shù)字等復(fù)數(shù)名詞時,一般把這些復(fù)數(shù)名詞看作一個整體,其謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。如: Two thousand dollars is a large sum of money. 2000美元是一大筆錢。 Ten years is only a short period of time in the history of mankind..在人類歷史的長河中10年只是短暫的一瞬。 (5)如果主語由more than one或many a…構(gòu)成,從意認(rèn)上看是復(fù)數(shù),但謂語動詞仍然用單數(shù)形式。如: More than one student has seen the film. 不止一個學(xué)生看過那個電影。 Many a book has printing mistakes. 好多書有印刷錯誤。 (6)如果名詞詞組中心詞為all,most,half,rest,或這四個詞單獨作主語,代替可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)時,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式;代替不可數(shù)名詞時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。如: A few of the trees can be cut each year for firewood,the rest are left to grow even taller. 每年可以砍掉一些小樹當(dāng)柴火,其余的就留下來,讓它們長得更高。 All that can be done has been done. 一切能做的都已經(jīng)做了。 (7)such,the same用作指示代詞作主語時,應(yīng)根據(jù)其所指的內(nèi)容來決定單復(fù)數(shù)形式。如: Such was the situation we were facing. 這就是我們所面對的情況。 Such were the results he was expecting. 這就是他所等待的結(jié)果。 (8)關(guān)系代詞who,that,which在定語從句中作主語時,謂語動詞應(yīng)與句中的先行詞相一致。如: Some of the energy that is used by man comes from the sun.人類應(yīng)用的有些能源源于太陽。 The students who are often late for school are to be punished.經(jīng)常遲到的學(xué)生要受到懲罰。 (9)由what引導(dǎo)的主語從句,謂語動詞通常用單數(shù)形式。但如果所指的具體內(nèi)容為復(fù)數(shù)意義時,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如: What we need is more time. 我們需要的是更多的時間。 What we need are books.我們需要的是書。 (10)“the+形容詞或過去分詞”作主語時,如果指一類人,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù);如果指一個人或抽象概念,謂語動詞用單數(shù)。如: The injured have been cured and the lost have been found.受傷的人得到了救治,失蹤的人已經(jīng)找到了。 The dead was a famous scientist. 去世的人是一位著名的科學(xué)家。 (11)“the+姓氏+s”作主語時,如果表示一個整體的家,謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式;如果表示“一家人’或“夫婦倆”,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如: The smiths has moved to New York.. 史密斯一家搬到了紐約。 The Turners are talking in the sitting room. 特納一家正在客廳里談話。 3.就近就遠(yuǎn)原則 (1)當(dāng)兩個主語被下列詞連接時,謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)采用就遠(yuǎn)原則,這些詞是:as well as ,as much as, less than,along with, together with,with,like,rather than, but,except, besides, including.如: The teacher as well as the students is in the classroom.老師和學(xué)生都在教室。 Nobody but Mike and John was waiting there. 只有邁克和約翰在那兒等著。 (2)當(dāng)兩個主語用or,either…or,neither…nor,not only…but(also)連接時,謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)采用就近原則。如: Neithe my parents nor I am a teacher. 我的父母和我都不是教師。 Not only the students but also the teacher is present. 不僅學(xué)生們出席了,那位老師也出席了。 (3)用and或both…and連接兩個主語時, 謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如: Plastics and rubber never rot. 塑料和橡膠永遠(yuǎn)不腐爛。 Both walking and riding are good exercise. 步行和騎車都是很好的鍛煉。 但是,并列主語如果指同一個人或同一件事時.謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式.這時and后的名詞前不加冠何。如: A knife and fork is on the table. 桌子上有一副刀叉。 The girl's teacher and friend is a young doctor.那個女孩的老師及朋友是一位年輕大夫。 (4)由here或there引導(dǎo)的句子,謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)采用就近原則。如: Here is a letter and some books for you. 這里有你一封信和幾本書。 There is a pen,two books and some magazines on the desk. 桌子上有一支鋼筆,兩本書和一些雜志。 |
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