(9)study、learn的用法： study主要表示“學(xué)習(xí)、研究”,指過程；而learn主要表示“學(xué)會”,指結(jié)果。表示“學(xué)”時可以互換。如：How many subjects do you study?(你學(xué)多少門課程？) / Have you learned it yet?(這個你學(xué)過了嗎？)/ How long have you studied/learned English?(你學(xué)英語多久了？)

    learn還可以表示“聽說”,如：He learned the musician himself was in town.(他聽說音樂家本人就在城里)

(10)think、want、would like的用法：三個詞都含有“想”的意思,但think指“思考、考慮”,want指“想要、愿望、企圖”,would like指“想要”,think后面一般跟介詞短語或從句,want和would like后面跟名詞或動詞不定式。如：Do you think that China will become a developed country in 40 years? (你認(rèn)為中國會在40年后成為發(fā)達(dá)國家嗎？)/ I am thinking of the money I once lent to Li Min.((我正在想著以前借給黎敏的錢)/ What do you really want to say?(你到底想干什么？)/ Which of these cakes would you like (to have)?(這些餅子中你想吃哪些？)

(11)look for、search…for、find、find out的用法：前面兩個詞語表示動作過程,后面兩個表示結(jié)果,look for指“尋找”不見的或丟失的東西,但還沒有找到；search…for…指“為找…而搜尋…”；find指“找到”了東西；find out主要指“查明一個事實(shí)真相”。如：Hey, Monkey, what are you looking for in the cupboard?(嘿,猴兒！你在廚子里面找什么呢？)/ Have you found the lost key to your car?(你找著丟失的車鑰匙了嗎？)/ The soldiers were searching the room for the spy when they heard a loud noise.(士兵們正在房間里面搜尋間諜突然間他們聽到了衣聲巨響)/ Let’s try to find out who broke the window.(讓我們查查誰把窗子打破了)

[注解] find的幾個結(jié)構(gòu)：find sb. sth“為某人找到…”,find sth./sb. + adj./n.“發(fā)覺某人是…”,find it +adj. + to do…(或+賓語從句)“發(fā)現(xiàn)(做……)如何”。如： His mother found her daughter a very clever girl.(他的母親發(fā)現(xiàn)她的女兒是個聰明的女孩)(名詞作補(bǔ)語補(bǔ)足語) / You can easily find it not good for your health to eat cold food.(你很容易就會發(fā)現(xiàn)吃冷食對你的身體是不利的)

(12)listen to、hear的用法：兩個詞與聽覺有關(guān),listen to指“聽”這一過程,hear指“聽到”這一結(jié)果。如：Are you listening to me,Jim? Yes,I have heard your words.(吉姆,你在聽我說嗎？是的,你的話我全聽見了)

(13)look、see、watch、read的用法：四個詞均與眼睛有關(guān),look指放眼去“看”(不管是否看得到),指“看”的過程；see指“看見”這一結(jié)果,有時see還引申為“明白”,表示“看”時后面加“電影”等詞；watch指專注的看,含有“注視、監(jiān)視”之義,后面常跟“電視、比賽”等詞；read限制為看書面材料,譯為“看、閱讀”,后面跟“書、報紙、雜志”等詞。如：What are you looking at?(你在看什么？)/ Please look at the blackboard. (請看黑板)/ Let me go to see the film, mum, will you? (媽媽,讓我去看電影吧,好嗎？)/ He won’t feel well until he finishes watching the football match. (要看完了足球賽他才會感覺好些)/ Reading gives us knowledge.(閱讀給我們知識)

(14)hear、hear of、hear from、learn的用法： hear“聽說”,后面可以跟名詞、代詞、從句表示聽見的內(nèi)容,hear of“聽說”,后面跟人,指對某人有耳聞但沒有見過面；hear from“收到……的來信”,后面加人；learn“聽說、得知”,后面跟從句,含義與hear相似。如：I hear Mr Green is coming to see us tonight. (我聽說格林先生今晚要來看望我們)/ Have you ever heard of the man who once went to the Himalaya Mountains? (你是否聽說過那個去過喜馬拉雅山的人？)/ How often do you hear from your father? (隔多久你收到你父親的信？)/ He learned the musician himself was in town.(他聽說音樂家本人就在城里)

(15)speak、talk、say、tell的用法：四個詞與“說”有關(guān)。speak“講話、發(fā)言、演說”,是不及物動詞,涉及人時要加介詞to,speak作及物動詞時后面跟語言名稱；talk“談話、閑談”,是不及物動詞,涉及人時用介詞with、to等,涉及事情時后面跟介詞about等；say 是及物動詞,后面跟名詞、代詞、從句等,表示說的內(nèi)容；tell是及物動詞,后面首先要跟人,然后再跟從句或者介詞短語等。如：Do you speak English? (你講英語嗎？)/ Who spoke at the meeting? (誰在會上發(fā)了言？)/ Our teacher is talking to Lin Tao’s parent. (我們的老師正在跟林濤的家長講話)/ Can you say it in English? (你能用英語說出它嗎？)/ Please tell me something about the strange flying object. (請跟我講講那個奇怪的飛行物的事情吧)

(16)be able to(do)、can的用法：can是情態(tài)動詞,有許多含義,表示“可能、可以、會”等意思,只有現(xiàn)在式can和過去式could兩種形式；be able to表示能力上“會”,有多種時態(tài)形式,to后面跟動詞原形,有時可以與can/could互換。如：Can you speak English? (你會說英語嗎？)/ He couldn’t(wasn’t able to) swim when he was 12. (他十二歲時不會游泳)

(17)there be、have的用法：兩個詞都可以譯為“有”,但是,have表示的是“擁有”,主語必須是人或者物；there be表示“存在”的概念,主語在there be之后。如：How many brothers and sisters do you have?  I have only one brother. (你有多少兄弟？我只有一個兄弟。)/ How many chairs and desks are there in their classroom? There is none. (他們教室里有多少張桌椅？一張也沒有。)

    [注解]there be sb./sth doing與there be sb./sth to do 有所不同：用doing表示一個正在發(fā)生的事情,而用to do 則表示一個滯后或遲于there be的動作。如： Look! There is a dog lying on the stairway. / Take your time. There is nothing for you to do tonight.

(18)borrow、lend、keep的用法：表示“借”的三個詞,borrow“借進(jìn)”、lend“出借”都是一次性動作,不可以和表示一段的時間狀語連用；keep“保存”用來表示借一段時間。如： I have lost the book I borrowed from my teacher. What can I do? (我丟掉了從老師那里借來的書)/  How long have you kept my dictionary,eh?For more than two months! (呃,我的字典你借了多久了？兩個多月了！)

(19)bring、take、carry、send、lift的用法：bring指從遠(yuǎn)處“拿來”；take指從面前“拿走”；carry指一般的搬運(yùn),不涉及方向；send主要指“送、派遣、寄”；lift指把東西由低向高“提起、拎起”。例略。

   (20)hope、wish的用法：兩個詞都表示“希望”,但是,hope表達(dá)有把握或信心實(shí)現(xiàn)的事情,后面直接跟動詞不定式或者賓語從句,不可以跟動名詞或作賓語補(bǔ)足語的不定式；wish表達(dá)實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性不大的事情,后面跟名詞、賓語從句(用過去時)或者作賓語補(bǔ)足語的不定式。如：We all hope to see him very soon. (我們?nèi)枷ＭM快見到他)/ I hope it will be fine tomorrow so that we can go out. (我希望明天天好,這樣我們就能出去了。)/ How I wish it was not raining at the moment!(我多么希望此刻不在下雨！)(事實(shí)上天正在下雨)

   (21)take、spend、pay、cost的用法：

      spend的賓語通常是金錢或時間,句型：sb.+(spend)+時間/金錢+on sth / (in) doing sth. ；

take的主語通常是事情,句型：sth./It + (take)+sb.+時間+to do… 。(如果是動作則常用it作形式主語將動詞不定式后移)；

cost的賓語通常是時間、金錢、力氣,句型：sth. +(cost)+sb.+時間/金錢/力氣. ；

pay的賓語通常是金錢,句型：sb.+(pay)+金錢+for+事物.

如：She spent the whole night reading the novel. (她花了一個晚上看那本小說)/ This job will take me two days.=It will take me two days to do the job. (做這件事情要花我兩天的時間)/ How much does a house like this cost? (像這樣的房子要花多少錢？)/ I paid him twenty dollars for the book.. (我花了20元從他那兒買了書)

(22)begin、start的用法：begin在大多數(shù)情況下可以替代start,(反義詞是end),后面接不定式或動名詞時區(qū)別不大,但是start還可以表示“開始、出發(fā)、啟動”,反義詞是stop；某事停止后再重新開始一般用start.如：When did you begin/start to learn English? (你什么時候開始學(xué)英語的？)/ They started getting in the crops after the rain stopped. (雨停后他們開始收割莊稼) / This time he could not start his car. (這次他沒法啟動他的汽車)

(23)arrive in/at、reach、get to的用法：arrive是不及物動詞,到達(dá)具體地點(diǎn)時后面加介詞at,到達(dá)一個大的地方(國家、城市)時后面加介詞in,arrive后面可以直接跟地點(diǎn)副詞here/there/home等；get表示“到達(dá)”時是不及物動詞,涉及地點(diǎn)(無論大小)時后面加to,get后面可以直接跟地點(diǎn)副詞here等；reach是及物動詞,后面直接跟地點(diǎn)名詞。如：He arrived in San Francisco last Sunday. (上個星期天他抵達(dá)舊金山)/ How did you get there in the night? (你是怎樣在夜間到達(dá)那里的？)/ We hurried all the way and reached the station just five minutes before the train left. (我們一路狂奔在火車啟動前5分鐘到達(dá)車站)

   (24)be made of、be made from、be made into、be made in、be made by、be made for的區(qū)別：be made of指從制成品中可以看得出原材料,而be made from則指從制成品中看不出原材料,口語中都可以換成be made out of。 be made into表示“被制成……”,be made in表達(dá)被制造的地點(diǎn),be made by表達(dá)制造的人,be made for表達(dá)被制造的目的。如：This kind of paper is made from bamboo. (這種紙是由竹子生產(chǎn)的)/ The desk is made of wood and metal. (桌子是鐵和木頭打的)/ A lot of paper has been made into paper birds. (許多紙被折疊成了小鳥)/ Computers are made in these cities. (計(jì)算機(jī)是在這幾個城市制造的)/ This kite was made by Uncle Wang. (這個風(fēng)箏是王叔叔做的)/ A big bag was made for me to hold my waste things.(一只大包做好了讓我裝廢物)

   (25)be used for、be used to、used to、get used to的區(qū)別：be used for + 名詞/代詞或動名詞, be used to + 動詞原形,表示兩個短語意思相近,表示“用于…”。  used to + 動詞原形,表示“過去常?！?FONT face="Times New Roman">,否定式可以是“didn’t use to”也可以是“usedn’t to”；get/be used to + 動名詞,表示“習(xí)慣于….”。如：A knife can be used for cutting things.(刀可以用來割東西)/ A knife can be used to cut things.(刀可以用來割東西)/ He used to borrow novels from the library when he was at school. (他上學(xué)時常常在圖書館借書)/ He is used to getting up early in the morning. (他習(xí)慣早起)

(26)beat,win與lose： beat (打敗),后面跟“人”,而win(贏得),后面跟“比賽、競賽”等。如：Who won at last? (最后誰贏了？)/ Class Three beat us 5-0. (三班以5∶0打敗了我們)/ I am sure to win the match. (我一定能贏得比賽)

  而lose則表示“輸了”,常用句型：lose sth. to sb. 如：Unluckily we lost the match to Class Three. (不幸的是我們比賽輸給了三班)

(27)grow、plant、keep的區(qū)別：plant著重講“栽、種植”這個動作,grow則指種植以后的“栽培”、“管理”,而keep則主要指“喂養(yǎng)”、“贍養(yǎng)”一個人或者動物。如 ：He grew vegetables in his garden. (他在園子里種菜)/ I planted ten trees last year,but four of them died. (去年我栽了10棵樹,但是死了4棵)/ Old women enjoy keeping cats or dogs to kill the time. (老年的婦女喜歡養(yǎng)貓養(yǎng)狗打發(fā)時間)

(28)fall 、drop的區(qū)別：fall指東西由高處向下墜落,不及物動詞；也可以作連系動詞,意思是“變得,進(jìn)入某種狀態(tài)”。drop表示物體由高處往低處落下,不及物動詞；或讓物體落向低處,及物動詞。如：The man fell off the tractor and hurt himself. (那個人從拖拉機(jī)上摔下來跌傷了)/ Soon after they touched the pillows they  fell (系動詞) fast asleep. (他們頭挨枕頭不久就睡著了)/ He felt as if he had to drop maths.(他覺得似乎要放棄數(shù)學(xué))/ He dropped a letter into the mail-box.(他向郵箱里丟了一封信)

(29)join、join in、take part in的區(qū)別：join多指參加組織、團(tuán)體、黨派等,后面跟人時表示和某人一起參加某項(xiàng)活動；join in指參加某項(xiàng)游戲或活動；take part in多指參加群眾性的活動、運(yùn)動、會議等。如：He joined the army in 2001.(他2001年參軍)/ They joined me in congratulating you.(他們和我一起向你祝賀)/ Do join us in the game.(千萬參加我們的比賽) / He took an active part in the students’ movement in the 1940s.(在二十世紀(jì)40年代他積極參加學(xué)生運(yùn)動)

(30)beat、hit、strike的用法區(qū)別：beat指“連續(xù)不斷地打擊；(心臟的)跳動”；hit指“一次性地撞擊、命中”；strike與hit基本同義,還可以理解為“劃(火柴)、給……深刻的印象”。如：The man looks dead,but his heart is still beating weakly. (那個人看上去死了可心臟還在微弱地跳動) / He hit the ball so hard that it flew over their heads and fell into the lake. (他踢球的勁太大球飛過他們的頭頂落入水中) / He went into the room and struck a match(火柴). (他走進(jìn)房間劃著了一根火柴)

(31)carry on、carry out的區(qū)別：carry on表示“進(jìn)行、繼續(xù)”；carry out表示“進(jìn)行、貫徹、實(shí)現(xiàn)”。如：I will carry on the work. (我會繼續(xù)工作)/ I have some difficulties in carrying out his orders. (對于執(zhí)行他的命令我有問題)

(32)be amazed與be surprised的區(qū)別：be amazed“感到驚訝”,指人對某個不可能發(fā)生卻實(shí)際發(fā)生了的事情感到極其的訝異；be surprised“感到吃驚”指人對突發(fā)的事件感到驚訝。如：When he dived deep into the sea, he was amazed at the colours of all the beautiful coral reefs. (他深潛到海中時被所有美麗的珊瑚礁驚呆了) / He was very surprised when he heard a loud noise from inside the room. (聽到房間里傳出一個很大的聲音他非常地吃驚)

(33)warn的用法：“warn sb. of/about sth”意思是“針對…而警告某人”；“warn sb (not) to do sth”意思是“告戒某人(不)要做某事”；“warn sb. + that從句”意思是“警告某人說……”。如：They warned the passengers of thieves. (他警告路人小心竊賊) / I warn you that you will fail in the coming exams if you are still so lazy. (我警告你：如果你還這么懶在即將來到的考試中你會不及格的。) / He was warned not to go out in the late night. (他受到警告不要在深夜出去)

(34)think of與think about等短語的區(qū)別：think of表示“考慮、思念、認(rèn)為、想起、建議”等；“think about”表示“看待、認(rèn)為”；“think much /highly /a lot of”表示“高度評價…”；“think over”表示“仔細(xì)考慮”；“think out”表示“想出”。如：The headmaster thought highly of this boy. (校長高度地評價了這個男孩) / We’re thinking of going to France for our holiday. (我們在考慮去法國度假的事情) / Think it over and you will have a way. (仔細(xì)考慮就有辦法) / I cannot think of his name. I forgot it. (我想不起他的名字我忘了) / －What do you think about his composition? －Very good! (他的作文你覺得怎么樣？  很好。)

(35)agree with/ agree to / agree on等詞語用法：“agree to+動詞”表示“同意做某事”,“agree with + sb./觀點(diǎn)”表示“贊同…的觀點(diǎn)”/ agree about表示“對…話題有相同看法”/“agree to +建議”表示“同意”某人的建議,“agree on + 決定”表示“贊成某人的決定”。例略。

(36)deserve(應(yīng)該,應(yīng)得)的用法：deserve后面可以加不定式,也可以加名詞。如：They had tried their best and they deserved to win. (他們盡力了該贏。) / The little boy always made troubles around and deserved beating. (小男孩總是處處惹麻煩活該被打) / The girl did a good deed and deserved praise. (女孩做了好事應(yīng)該受到表揚(yáng))

九、連接詞

1、連詞的含義：連接詞與詞、短語與短語、或引導(dǎo)從句的詞叫連接詞。

2、連詞的分類：連詞分為并列連接詞和從屬連接詞兩種。

1、并列連接詞連接并列的詞、短語、從句或句子。常見的并列連接詞有：and(和),but(但是),or(或者,否則),nor(也不), so(所以), however(然而,無論如何),for(因?yàn)?FONT face="Times New Roman">),still(可是),as well as(也),both..and...(...和...), not only ...but also...(不但…而且…), either… or…(或…或…),neither… nor…(既不…也不…)等。

2、從屬連接詞用于引導(dǎo)從句,常見的從屬連接詞有：

when(當(dāng)…時候), while(正當(dāng)…時候), after(在…之后), before(在…之前), since(自從), until(直到), although/though(雖然), if(假如), as(如…一樣；由于), as …as…(和…一樣), as far as(就…而言), as long as(只要), as soon as(一…就…), even if(即使), because(因?yàn)?FONT face="Times New Roman">), unless (除非), than(比…), whether (是否…), in order that…(為了), so…that…(如此…以致), so that…(以便), now that…(現(xiàn)在既然), by the time…(到…時候), every time…(每當(dāng)), as if…(仿佛),no matter when(或whenever)(無論何時),no matter where(或wherever)(無論在哪里)等。

［辨析］

(1) because、as、since、for的用法：because(因?yàn)?FONT face="Times New Roman">)表示原因的語氣最強(qiáng),常表示必然的因果關(guān)系,從句一般放在主句后面；另外,回答why的問句只能用because.  as(因?yàn)?FONT face="Times New Roman">)表示一般的因果關(guān)系,語氣比because弱,說明比較明顯的原因,它引導(dǎo)的從句可以放在句首也可以放在句尾。since(既然)表示對方已經(jīng)知道、無需加以說明的原因或事實(shí)。for(因?yàn)?FONT face="Times New Roman">)是并列連詞,語氣較弱,用來補(bǔ)充說明理由或提供一種解釋。如：He is not at school today because he is seriously ill.（他今天沒有上學(xué)因?yàn)樗〉脜柡Γ?FONT face="Times New Roman">/ As all of you have got here, now, let’s go to the zoo.（既然大伙兒都到了我們就去動物園吧）/ I will ask Lin Tao to go with me since you are very busy.（既然你很忙我就叫林濤和我一起去吧）/ We must be off now for the match starts at 7：00.（我們得走了因?yàn)楸荣愒谄唿c(diǎn)開始）

(2)if、whether的區(qū)別：表示“是否”時,if和whether同義,引導(dǎo)賓語從句,另外,whether還可以引導(dǎo)主語從句、表語從句(以及同位語從句)等名詞性從句或者讓步狀語從句；而if還可以表示“如果”,引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句,(主句與從句遵循主將從現(xiàn)的原則)。如：I don’t know if/whether he will arrive on time.（我不知道他是不是會按時到達(dá)）/ I will ring you up if he arrives on time.（如果他按時到達(dá)我會給你打電話的）

  [注意下列情況只能用whether不能用if：①引導(dǎo)主語從句,②引導(dǎo)表語從句,③引導(dǎo)從句作介詞賓語,④引導(dǎo)不定式短語,⑤引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句,⑥在動詞discuss之后,⑦在wonder / not sure之后,⑧在if與whether含義易混時。如：Whether it is a fine day next Sunday is still a question.（下個星期天是不是個好天還是個問題）(引導(dǎo)主語從句) / Please ask him whether to go there with a raincoat or not.（請問一下帶不帶雨衣去那兒）(作動詞的賓語) / Hainan is the place to be, whether it’s summer or winter.（海南是個該去的地方無論冬夏）(引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句)/ Please let me know whether you need my help.（請告訴我你是否需要我的幫助）(引導(dǎo)賓語從句)(如果換成if則還可能表示“如果你需要我的幫助請告知”)

(3)while、when、as的用法區(qū)別：while常表示一個較長的動作,它引導(dǎo)的從句動作與主句的動作是同時發(fā)生的、是平行的；when可以表示較短的動作也可以表示較長的動作,主句和從句的動作可以同時發(fā)生也可以先后發(fā)生；as與上兩詞同義,可替換while和when, 表示主句和從句的動作同時發(fā)生,常譯為“一邊……一邊……”。如：Please do not trouble me while I am writing my homework.（我寫作業(yè)時請不要打擾我）/ I’ll go home when I have finished my job.（我干完了活兒就回去）/ They were running quickly across the road when they heard the sound of a truck coming.（他們正快速地穿過馬路忽然聽到了卡車開來的聲音）/ As we walked in the dark street, we sang songs and talked loudly.（當(dāng)我們在黑洞洞的街上走路時我們高聲地唱歌說話）