七、非謂語動詞
非謂語動詞的語法功能
所能充當的成分
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主語
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表語
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賓語
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賓語補足語
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定語
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狀語
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V-ing形式
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現在分詞
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△
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△
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△
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△
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動名詞
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△
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△
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△
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△
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不定式(to do)
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△
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△
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△
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△
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△
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△
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過去分詞(done)
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△
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△
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△
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△
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注:現在分詞、不定式、過去分詞都可以作獨立成分
generally speaking一般說來;frankly speaking坦白地說;judging from/by...根據……來判斷;considering.../taking...into consideration考慮到……;
to tell you the truth說實話;seeing...考慮到……;supposing假設,如果;providing如果;given考慮到,鑒于;provided that如果
非謂語動詞的形式變化
非謂語
形式
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構成
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時態(tài)
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語態(tài)
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復合結構
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否定式
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主動
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被動
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不定式
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一般式
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to do
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to be done
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for sb. to do sth.
或
of sb. to do sth.
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在“to”前加not
或never
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進行式
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to have done
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to have been done
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完成式
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to be doing
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/
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完成
進行式
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to have been doing
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/
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動名詞
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一般式
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doing
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being done
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sb.或sb’s doing
作主語要用
sb’s doing
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在前加not
特別注意復合結構的否定式:
sb’s not doing
sb’s not having done
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完成式
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having done
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having been done
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現在分詞
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與動名詞變化形式相同
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在前加not
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在解非謂語習題時同學們遇到最大的困難有兩個:一是如何判別是謂語動詞還是非謂語動詞;二是如何選用哪一種非謂語動詞及其恰當的形式。
一、謂語與非謂語的比較
非謂語動詞是漢語中沒有的語言現象。漢語中幾個謂語動詞連用而動詞不用作任何形式的變化。如:他明天來拜訪你。翻譯成英語不是He will come visit you,而是He will come to visit you.這里就用了不定式to visit。因此同學們要特別注意弄清句子的結構。
例:Tom sat under a tree and seeing his friend, up in no time.
A. to stand B. standing C. stood D. would stand
分析:stood是與sat并列的謂語。
非謂語語法功能的比較
做賓語的非謂語動詞比較
情況
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常用動詞
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只接不定式
做賓語的動詞
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hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, happen
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只接動名詞
做賓語的動詞或短語
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mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resist
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feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to
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兩者都可以
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意義基本相同
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begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue(接不定式多指具體的動作,接動名詞多指一般或習慣行為)
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need, want, require(主語與動名詞之間存在邏輯上的動賓關系,接動名詞主動形式表示被動意義,若接不定式則應用被動形式)
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意義相反
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stop to do 停止手中所做的事,去做另一件事 stop doing 停止正在做的事
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意義不同
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remember/forget/regret to do(指動作尚未發(fā)生)
remember/forget/regret doing(指動作已經發(fā)生)
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go on to do(接著做另外一件事)
go on doing(接著做同一件事)
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try to do(設法,努力去做,盡力)
try doing(試試去做,看有何結果)
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mean to do(打算做,企圖做)
mean doing (意思是,意味著)
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can’t help (to) do(不能幫忙做)
can’t help doing(忍不住要做)
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be considered to have done被認為已經做了
consider…to be認為是
consider doing考慮做某事
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非謂語動詞做賓語補足語的區(qū)別
分 類
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常見動詞
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與賓語的邏輯關系及時間概念
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例 句
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不定式
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ask, beg, expect, get, order, tell, want, wish, encourage
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主謂關系,強調動作將發(fā)生或已經完成
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I asked to be sent to the countryside.
I heard him call me several times.
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have, notice, see, watch, hear, feel, let, make
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現在分詞
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notice, see, watch, hear, find, keep, have, feel
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主謂關系,強調動作正在進行,尚未完成
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I found her listening to the radio.
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過去分詞
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動賓關系,動作已經完成,多強調狀態(tài)
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We found the village greatly changed.
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IV. 非謂語動詞做定語的區(qū)別
分 類
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區(qū) 別
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例 句
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不定式
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與被修飾詞往往有動賓關系,一般式表示將來,進行式表示與謂語動作同時發(fā)生,完成式表示在謂語動詞之前發(fā)生
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I have a lot of papers to type.
I have a lot of papers to be typed.
I haven’t decided which hotel to stay at.(介詞at不能丟)
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動名詞
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通常指被修飾詞的用途,無邏輯上的主謂關系
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Shall we go to the swimming pool?
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現在分詞
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與被修飾詞之間是主謂關系,表示動作與謂語動作同時發(fā)生
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the boiling water / the boiled water
the developing country/the developed country
the falling leaves/the fallen leaves
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過去分詞
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與被修飾詞之間是被動關系,表示動作發(fā)生在謂語動作之前,現已經完成或只表示狀態(tài)
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注意:the bridge to be built 將建造的橋, the bridge being built 正在建造的橋,the bridge built已經建好的橋
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