一.一般現(xiàn)在時

用動詞原形表示，但單數(shù)第三人稱后要加-S，在詞尾加-s 時要注意：

1．   一般情況：加-s 例，reads，writes，says

2．   以s，x，ch，sh收尾的詞加-es 例：teaches，washes，guesses

3．   以輔音字母＋y結尾的詞變y為I 再加-es  例：try-tries。Carry-carries。這個時態(tài)的疑問句一般以句首加助動詞do，does構成。句中動詞要用原形動詞be提前：

Do you know it？

Are you students？

Does she have a pen？

1．   一般現(xiàn)在時表示經(jīng)常性或習慣性的動作：

We always care for each other and help each other.

They cycle to work every day.

2．   現(xiàn)在特征或狀態(tài)：

He loves sports.

Do you sing? A little.

I major in English.

3．遍真理

Light travels faster than sound.

Two and four makes six.

The moon moves round see the earth.

有些表示狀態(tài)和感覺的動詞常?？捎糜谝话悻F(xiàn)在時：be love like hate want hope need prefer wish know understand remember believe recognize guess suppose mean belong think feel envy doubt remain consist contain seem look see fit suit owe own hear find suggest propose allow show prove mind have sound taste matter require possess desire等等。

I feel a sharp pain in my chest.

The soup contains too much salt.

You see what I mean?

The coat fits you very well.

How do you find the book?

有些表示動詞的動詞間或可用于這一時態(tài)，表示現(xiàn)刻的動作，由于動作持續(xù)時間機短，用于進行時不自然：

I send you my best wishes.

I salute your courage.

Now I extend my heartfelt thanks to you.

在口語中這個時態(tài)用來表示一個按規(guī)定，計劃或安排發(fā)生的情況（這是都有一個表示未來時間的狀語）：

When do the train leave (stop at ji Nan)?

The plane takes off at 11 am.

Tomorrow is Saturday.

Is there a film on tonight?

但這只限少數(shù)動詞，如begin come go leave sail start arrive return dine end stop depart open close be 等。另外，在時間或條件從句中，將來動作或狀態(tài)多用這一時態(tài)表示：

Tell her about that when she comes.

Turn off the light before you leave.

We’ll start as soon as you are ready.

在口語中，這個時態(tài)間或可以用來表示一個已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動作（這個動作發(fā)生的時間在說話人腦中處于很不重要的地位）：

They say Xiao wu is back, is that true?

Xiao tells me you’re going abroad.

Oh, I forget where he lives.

Yes, you answer quite well.

此外一般現(xiàn)在時還多用于報刊，電影，電視解說等其它幾種情況。

二.現(xiàn)在進行時

現(xiàn)在進行時用助動詞be 的人稱形式加現(xiàn)在分詞構成,它的肯定,否定,疑問形式如下：

I am working.

I am not working.

Am I working?

現(xiàn)在進行時主要表示現(xiàn)在或現(xiàn)在這一階段正在進行的動作。

Where are they having the basket-ball match?

They are putting up the scaffolding.

He’s showing a foreign guest round the city.

在不少情況下，表示正在進行的動作的漢語句子，并沒有“正在”這樣的字，在譯為英語時卻必須用進行時態(tài)：

How are you getting on with the work?

The work is going fairly smoothly.

You are making rapid progress.

It is blowing hard.

Who are you waiting for?

Whenever I see her, she is working in the garden.

在一般現(xiàn)在時所列的表示狀態(tài)和感覺的動詞，一般不能用于進行時態(tài)，因為她們不能表示正在進行的動作。但如果詞義轉變，能表示一個正在進行的動作，就能夠用于進行時態(tài)，試比較下面的句子：

Do you see anyone over there?

Are you seeing someone off?

I hear someone singing.

They are hearing an English talk?

What do you think of it?

What are you thinking about?

另外，表示無法持續(xù)動作的動詞，一般不宜用于進行時態(tài)，但有些可以用于這個時態(tài)表示重復，即將等：

He is jumping up and down.

The train is arriving.

The old man is dying.

現(xiàn)在進行時有時可用來表示一個在最近按計劃或安排要進行的動作（這是多有一個表示未來時間的狀語）：

We are leaving on Friday.

Are you going anywhere tomorrow?

A foreign guest is giving a lecture in English this afternoon.

Xiao Hong! Coming.

Who is interpreting for you?

We are having a holiday next Monday.

但這僅限于少量動詞，如go come leave start arrive lunch return dine work sleep stay play do have wear 等。

另外，“be going+不定式“這個結構經(jīng)常用來表示即將發(fā)生的事或打算(準備)做的事：

I am afraid it is going to rain.

It is going to be rather cold tomorrow.

She is not going to speak at the meeting.

在這個結構中過去有許多人不贊成用go 和come 這兩個動詞，感到很別扭，主張不說are you going to go anywhere tomorrow?而說are you going anywhere tomorrow?不說is she going to come? 而說is she coming? 但現(xiàn)在在這種結構中用兩個動詞的人越來越多，這種用法基本被大家接受了。

此外，在時間和條件狀語從句中，間或也可用現(xiàn)在進行時表示將來的情況或一般情況：

Do not mention this when you are talking with him.

Remember that when you are taking a rest, some else is always working.

If she is still sleeping, do not wake her up.

現(xiàn)在進行時有時用來代替一般現(xiàn)在時，表示一個經(jīng)常性動作和狀態(tài)，這是或是為了表示一種感情（a）如贊嘆，厭煩等，或是為了強調情況的暫時性（b）。

A．   how are you feeling today?(how do you feel today?更顯親切)

Xia Hua is doing fine work at school. (比Xiao Hua does fine work at school.更富贊美)

He is constantly leaving his thing about.

He is always thinking of his work.

He is always boasting.

B. he is sleeping in the next room now.

The professor is typing his own letters while his secretary is ill.

Where is he working?

For this week we are starting work at 7:30.

He is walking to work because his bicycle is being repaired.

Be 間或可用于進行時態(tài)，表示一時的表現(xiàn)：

You are not being modest.

He is being silly.

She is being friendly.

Xiao Hong is being a good girl today.

Do not talk rot. I am being serious.

注：在there 和here 引起的句子中，?？捎靡话悻F(xiàn)在時態(tài)代替現(xiàn)在進行時：

Here comes the bus. (=the bus is coming).

There goes the bell. (=the bell is ringing.)

在某些情況下兩種情況都可以用，沒有多少差別：

I wonder (am wondering) how I should answer then.

Does your leg hurt? (Is your leg hurting?)

It itches (is itching) terribly.

My back aches (is aching).

I write (am writing) to inform you.

三．一般將來時

一般將來時由助動詞shall 或will 加動詞原形構成，shall 用于第一人稱，will 用于第二 ，三人稱。這個時態(tài)的肯定，否定及疑問可表示如下：

I shall go.

I shall not go.

Shall I go?

除英國以外的說英國家，在陳述句中，即使在第一人稱一般也用will ，在英國也有這種趨勢，在口語中常緊縮為I’ll.

一般將來時表示將要發(fā)生的動作和情況：

I will (shall) arrive tomorrow.

Will you be busy tonight?

The agreement will come into force next spring.

We won’t (shan’t) be free tonight.

有時表示將來的時間狀語，有時沒有時間狀語，這時要從意思上判斷是否指未來的動作或情況：

I will think it over.

Who will take the chair?

Will she come?

They won’t object it.

在以 I 或 we 作主語的問句中，一般用shall , 這時或是征求對方的意見（a），或是詢問一個情況（b）：

A．   shall I make a fair copy of it？

Which book shall I read first?

Where shall we meet?

B. shall we have any classed tomorrow?

When shall we have the rehearsal?

Shall I be able to find them there?

在這類問句中，近年來也有不少人用will ，特別是美國。

What will we do?

How will get there?

Which will I take?

注意在時間或條件狀語從句中，一般不能用將來時態(tài)，而用現(xiàn)在時態(tài)代替：

1.       I will let you have the book when I’m through.

2.       They’ll fight till they win complete victory.

3.       I’ll be round to see you if I have time tomorrow.

注意：在兩種情況下條件從句可以用一般將來時：

1．   表示愿望

If they won’t cooperate, our plan will fall flat.

2.主句的謂語表示現(xiàn)在的情況：

If he won’t arrive this morning, why should we wait here?

表示將要發(fā)生的動作或情況，除了一般將來時外，還有一些其它結構和時態(tài)：

1.be going+不定式（表打算，準備作的事或即將發(fā)生或肯定要發(fā)生的事）:

We are going to put up a building here.

How are you going to spend your holiday?

Who is going to speak first?

2.be+不定式（表示按計劃安排要發(fā)生的事或用來征求對方的意見）：

When is the factory to go into production?

The line is (going) to be opened to traffic next week.

Am I to (=shall i) go on with the work?

3.一般現(xiàn)在時（限于某些動詞，表示按計劃或時刻要發(fā)生的事）：

School finishes on January 18th.

We get off at the next stop.

When does the winter vacation begin?

4.現(xiàn)在進行時（限于某些動詞，表示按計劃安排要發(fā)生的事）：

We are having an English evening tonight.

They are playing some folk music next.

I am talking the children to the zoo (on Sunday).

在單純表示將來情況，特別事談一連串的事情或在帶時間或條件狀語從句的句子中，謂語多用將來時：

Next term I will try to do better. I’ll speak more English and do more reading-aloud.

He’ll come to see you when he has time.

He’ll tell you if you ask him.                      

在表示打算或準備時，如不提時間，條件等，多用be going to 這個結構，用一般將來時時很少的，特別是在口語中；

He is going to buy a dictionary. (很少說he will buy a dictionary.)

在談即將發(fā)生的情況時，用be going to 這個結構也多一些。在表示按計劃安排要做的事時，用be to 的時候也不少. 另外還有將來進行時等時態(tài)也可表示將來的動作。

注：be about to 可表示即將作某事

We are about to leave.

He is about to retire.

一般將來時有時還可用來表示一種傾向或習慣性動作：

A drowning man will catch at a straw.

Crops will die without water.

Oil will float on water.

注：這一時態(tài)有時用來表示揣測（a）或容量（b）：

A. that man in the middle will be the visiting minister.

B. the hall will seat 500 people.

四.一般過去時

一般過去時由動詞的過去式表示，動詞be 有was, were 兩個過去式，was 用于第一，三人稱單數(shù)，were用于其它情況。在構成否定及疑問句時，一般都借助助動詞did，動詞be有其獨特的疑問及否定形式（基本上和一般現(xiàn)在時一致）。這個時態(tài)的三種結構可表示如下：

一般動詞：

I worked there.

I did not work there.

Did you work there?

動詞be：

I was there.

I was not there.

Was I there?

一般過去時主要表示過去某時發(fā)生的動作或情況（包括習慣性動作）

Who put forward the suggestion?

When did she leave?

She often came to help us.

有些情況，發(fā)生的時間不很清楚，但實際上是過去發(fā)生的，應當用過去時態(tài)：

I was glad to get your letter.

What was the final score?

How did you like their performance?

在談到已死去的人的情況多用過去時：

Lao she was a great write.

My grandmother was kind to us.

有時兩種時態(tài)都可以用：

Brahms was/is one of the greatest representatives of German classicalism.

注：在口語中一般過去時有時可用來代替一般現(xiàn)在時，使語氣變得婉轉一些，例如在下面句子中用一般現(xiàn)在式或一般過去式都可以，但用過去式顯得客氣一些（帶有更多商量的口吻）：

Do/did you want to see me?

I wonder/wondered if you could spare a few minutes.

I want/wanted to ask if I can/could borrow your bike.

五。現(xiàn)在完成時

現(xiàn)在完成時由have 的人稱形式加過去分詞構成。他的肯定，否定及疑問形式如下：

I have read it.

I have not read it.

Have you read it?

現(xiàn)在完成時表示現(xiàn)刻以前發(fā)生的動作或情況，可以是：

1.到現(xiàn)在為止的這一時期中發(fā)生的情況（可能是多次動作的總和，也可表示狀態(tài)和習慣性動作）：

We have opened up 200 mu of land this year.

How many pages have you covered today?

I haven’t seen him for many days.

2.對現(xiàn)狀有影響的某一已發(fā)生的動作：

The delegation has already left.

I have seen the film many times.

The city has taken on a new look.

注：這個時態(tài)有時還可以表示過去曾發(fā)生過一次或多次的情況，也可以說是一種經(jīng)歷：

All our children have measles.

Man’s hairs have grown white in a single might.

He says that he has seen a meteor at some time.

這個時態(tài)的基本特點是它和現(xiàn)在有密切的聯(lián)系，或是講迄今為止這一段時間的情況，或是講一個影響現(xiàn)狀的動作，這樣它不是從時間上就是從后果上和現(xiàn)在聯(lián)系起來，根據(jù)這個特點我們可以判斷什么時候用一般過去時，什么時候用現(xiàn)在完成時：

1.當有一個表示過去某時的狀語（包括when）時，不能用現(xiàn)在完成時：

I saw her a minute ago.

Just now Xiao lin came to see you.

When did you get to know it?

2.當有一個表示到現(xiàn)在為止這段時間的狀語時，多用現(xiàn)在完成時：

Up till now we have planted over 24000 fruit trees.

We haven’t had any physical training classed this week.

He has learned a good deal since he came here.

3.在用already ,yet,just,as yet, ever, never這類副詞作狀語時，?？捎矛F(xiàn)在完成時：

This is the second game; they’ve already won a game.

Have you got the plan ready yet?-no, not yet.

I’ve just received a money order.

4.在單獨談一個過去的動作，不涉及它對現(xiàn)在的影響時，通常用一般過去時，如果談一件已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事，不考慮它是什么時候發(fā)生的，而主要考慮對現(xiàn)在的影響，多用現(xiàn)在完成時：

Did you get up very early?

Has he got up?

What did you have for lunch?

I got the news from xiaoyu.

I’ve got no news from him.

注：有since 引起的狀語時，主要謂語通常用完成時態(tài)：

We met in 1972, and have been good friends ever since(then).

It has rained a great deal since you left.

We haven’t seen each other again since them(since we parted in 1952).

但在表示時間長度時可用一般時。在使用一個表示的動詞（如 be, seem等）作謂語時，間或也可用現(xiàn)在時態(tài)：

It’s ok since I fixed it.

It seems a long time since I was here.

I’m getting interested in china since you came here.間或用過去時，特別是在口語中。

I lost ten pounds since I started swimming.

在since引起的狀語從句中，通常用一般過去時，譯成英語時可能需要不同時態(tài)：

Has xiao yang come?

Did xiaoyang come?

How many people have gone to the factory?

How many people went to the factory?

We haven’t invited him.

We didn’t invite him.

有時同樣一個動作，也隨著說話的意圖不同而用不同時態(tài)表示：

Has he gone to town? How did he go there? 后一句談動作本身，與現(xiàn)在無聯(lián)系。

Have you had your lunch? Where did you have it? 你吃中飯了嗎？在哪吃的？

Has she left? why did she leave so early?

某些動作的現(xiàn)在完成時刻表示一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)：

How have you been(recently)?

The conference has lasted five days.

We’ve known each other since we were children.

特別是動詞be,是常常這樣用的：

He’s been back for three days.(不能用has come back)

She has been a teacher for ten years.(不能說has become)

He has been in college for a year.(不能說has entered)

由于come, become, enter和get up等動詞都只代表一個短暫的動作，不能代表一個延續(xù)的狀態(tài)，這是需要用be 來表示延續(xù)的狀態(tài)：

另外有少數(shù)動詞（主要是work, study ,teach,live等）可用于現(xiàn)在完成時表示一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的一個動作：

How long have you worked here?

She has taught English for many years.

We’ve lived here for quite a few years.

但大多數(shù)動詞不宜這樣用，而需用現(xiàn)在完成進行時。

注：have been(to)常可用來表示“到過某地”或“剛去做過某事”

Have you ever been to xi’an?

Xiao liu has just been here.

We’ve been here (there) many times.

現(xiàn)在完成時還可用在表示時間或條件的狀語從句中，表示將來某時已完成的動作：

I’ll go and see the exhibition as soon as I have got the recorder fixed.

We’ll start at five o’clock if it has stopped raining by then.

I will gibe my opinion when I have read the book through.

這利用“現(xiàn)在完成時“時表示這動作將在另一動作之前完成。如果兩個動作同時發(fā)生，或幾乎同時發(fā)生，（也就是說一個動作緊接著另一個動作），一般就不用這個時態(tài)：

I’ll let you know as soon as I hear from her.

She’ll write you when she gets there.

在這樣的情況下（特別是當我們用的是get,arrive,see,hear,leave.return 等代表訊即完成的動作的動詞時），多用一般現(xiàn)在時。有時兩種時態(tài)都可以用：

We’ll leave as soon as it stops (has stopped) raining.

I’ll tell him after you leave (have left).

注：have got 形式上是現(xiàn)在完成時，卻和have是同一個意思：

She has got（＝has）a slight temperature.

Have you got(=do you have)any sisters?

另外，現(xiàn)在有一種傾向，特別是在美國，在隨便談話時，常用一般過去時代替現(xiàn)在完成時：

I saw it already (=I have seen it already).

Did you return the records yet(=have you returned the records yet)?

I just come back (=I’ve just come back).