第四節(jié) 動詞的時態(tài) 【名師導(dǎo)讀】 第一步學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo):掌握動詞八種基本時態(tài)的用法,以及它們之間的區(qū)別。 英語動詞的“時態(tài)”是謂語動詞表示動作發(fā)生時的各種形式。初中英語主要學(xué)習(xí)了以下八種時態(tài):一般現(xiàn)在時、一般過去時、一般將來時、現(xiàn)在完成時、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時、過去進(jìn)行時、過去將來時和過去完成時。 中考試題有關(guān)動詞時態(tài)的考點(diǎn),包括各種時態(tài),但一般現(xiàn)在時、一般過去時、一般將來時、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時和現(xiàn)在完成時五種時態(tài)是考查的重點(diǎn)。出現(xiàn)的主要題型有:單項(xiàng)選擇、完形填空、用所給動詞的適當(dāng)形式填空、改錯等。同時對時態(tài)掌握的好壞和固定表達(dá)是書面表達(dá)得分的關(guān)鍵。 【考點(diǎn)一】一般現(xiàn)在時
【特別提示】 1、一般現(xiàn)在時表示經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性的動作或存在的狀態(tài)、特征,常與頻度副詞或表示頻度的詞組連用。如:always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, never, once a week, twice a month, three times a year, every day等。 2、在條件狀語從句和時間狀語從句中,用一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)表示將來。 ★ If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go swimming. 如果明天不下雨,我們就去游泳。 ★ He will call you up as soon as he arrives in Beijing. 他一到達(dá)北京,他就會打電話給你的。 3、表示客觀真理及自然現(xiàn)象時,只能用一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)。 ★ Taiwan lies in the southeast of China. 臺灣位于中國的東南部。 ★ Knowledge is power. 知識就是力量。 【考點(diǎn)二】現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時
【特別提示】 1、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時由“am/is/are+V-ing”構(gòu)成,表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動作。通常與Look! Listen! now等時間狀語連用,也可從上下文中體現(xiàn)出來。 2、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時用于位移動詞,表示“即將…”,常與表示將來的時間狀語連用。 這類位移動詞有:come(來),go(去),leave(離開),fly(飛)等。 ★ I’m flying to New York tomorrow. 我明天要飛往紐約。 ★ They are coming this afternoon. 他們今天下午要來。 ★ She is going to Shanghai next week. 她下周要去上海。 【考點(diǎn)三】一般過去時
【特別提示】 1、一般過去時表示過去發(fā)生的事,常與表示過去的時間狀語連用。如yesterday (morning /afternoon/ evening), last week/month/year, in 2008, just now, two years ago, in the past等。 2、since從句后用一般過去時態(tài)。 ★ It’s three years since we last met. 自從上次我們見面有三年了。 ★ I haven’t found any job since I was out of work. 自從我失業(yè)以來,我一直沒找到工作。 3、行為動詞的過去式無人稱和數(shù)的變化。 ★ He taughts English in our school last year. (×) ★ He taught English in our school last year. (√) 【考點(diǎn)四】一般將來時
【特別提示】 1、一般將來時表示將來發(fā)生的動作,常與表示將來的時間狀語連用,主要有:tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next year, in a few days, in 2050, later on等。 2、一般將來時的構(gòu)成除了“will+動詞原形”外,還有“be going to+動詞原形”和“shall+動詞原形”。shall只用于第一人稱(I, we),will可用于所有人稱。如: ★ They are going to have a party this Saturday. 本周六他們要開一個晚會。 ★ We will/shall go to Beijing tomorrow. 我們明天將要去北京。 在疑問句中,主語是I或we時,只能用shall. ★ Shall we go there by bus? 我們乘公共汽車去那兒,好嗎? 3、表示按計劃安排、時間表等嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行的行為,這種安排不可更改或不能隨意變動,也用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來。如: ★ The train leaves at six o’clock this afternoon from the station. 【考點(diǎn)五】過去進(jìn)行時 1、過去進(jìn)行時的構(gòu)成:“was/were + V-ing” 2、基本用法:用于表示過去某一時刻或某一階段正在發(fā)生的動作。這一特定的過去時間除有上下文暗示以外,一般用表示過去的時間狀語來表示。如:at the time, at nine yesterday morning, at this time yesterday, at this time last year, when, while等。 ★ Jim was watching TV from 7 to 9 last night. 昨晚七至九點(diǎn),吉姆正在看電視。 ★ --I called you at seven, but nobody answered it. 昨晚七點(diǎn)我打電話給你,但沒人接。 --Oh, sorry. I was shopping with my mother. 對不起,那時我正在和我媽媽在購物。 【考點(diǎn)六】過去將來時
【對比】 一般將來時:will/shall+動詞原形 am/is/are +going to +動詞原形 過去將來時:would/should+動詞原形 was/were +going to +動詞原形 【特別提示】 過去將來時表示從過去某一時間看將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài),常用在賓語從句中表示從句的動作發(fā)生在主句動作之后。例如: ★ Jim said he would go to Shanghai next week. 吉姆說他將下周去上海。 【考點(diǎn)七】現(xiàn)在完成時 1、現(xiàn)在完成時構(gòu)成:“have/has+過去分詞”。 2、基本用法: (1)表示動作發(fā)生在過去,對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。常與already, yet, ever, never, just, so far等時間狀語連用。如: ★ I have already finished my homework. 我已經(jīng)把作業(yè)做完了。(不用做了) (2)表示過去已經(jīng)開始,一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)。常與for, since連用。如: ★ Mr. Wang has taught in the school for six years. 王老師在學(xué)校教書有六年了。 【特別提示】 在現(xiàn)在完成時中,瞬間性動詞需要改為相應(yīng)的表示持續(xù)意義的動詞或詞組才可以與表示一段時間的狀語(for, since)連用。其變化如下: begin /start →be on leave →be away (from) go → be off borrow → keep come→ be here return → be back die → be dead open → be open buy → have arrive → be here close→ be closed join→ be in/a member of 這12個瞬間性動詞可以用一句話來概括: “開始離去借來還,加入死開買到關(guān)。” 【特例展示】 ★他爺爺死了十年了。 His grandpa has been dead for ten years. His grandpa died ten years ago. ★ 電影已上映(開始)20分鐘了。 The film has been on for twenty minutes. The film began/started twenty minutes ago. ★ 湯姆離開學(xué)校兩個月了。 Tom has been away from school for two months. Tom left school two months ago. ★ 她借這本書兩周了。 She has kept the book since two weeks ago. She has kept the story book for two weeks. She borrowed the story book two weeks ago. ★ 他爸爸來這兒已有10天了。 His father has been here for ten days. His father came here ten days ago. ★ 吉姆的媽媽回來已一周了。 Jim’s mother has been back for a week. Jim’s mother has been back since a week ago. Jim’s mother returned a week ago. ★ 吉姆的叔叔入黨已經(jīng)15年了。 Jim’s uncle has been in the Party for 15 years. Jim’s uncle has been a member of the Party for 15 years. Jim’s uncle has been in the Party since 15 years ago. Jim’s uncle joined the Party 15 years ago. ★ 那家商店兩年前就開業(yè)/關(guān)門了。 That shop has been open/closed since two years ago. That shop opened/closed two years ago. ★你買這本書多久了?我買了三個星期了。 How long have you had the book? I have had the book for three weeks. ★ 他到達(dá)貴陽已經(jīng)五天了。 He has been in Guiyang for five days. He arrived in Guiyang five days ago. 【幾組詞的用法區(qū)別】 1. have been與have gone的區(qū)別
【說明】 (1)“have been to +地點(diǎn)”,表示“曾經(jīng)去過某地”,說話時已回來。 ★ He has been to Beijing. 他去過北京。(現(xiàn)在不在北京) (2)“have gone to +地點(diǎn)”,表示“到某地去了”,現(xiàn)在還沒有回來,不在說話的地點(diǎn),主語通常是第三人稱。 ★They have gone to Sydney. 他們?nèi)チ讼つ帷#ìF(xiàn)在不在這兒,可能在去悉尼的路上,或者已到悉尼。) (3)“have been in +地點(diǎn)”,表示在某地“呆了多久”,常與for, since連用。 ★Kate has been in China for ten years. 凱特在中國呆了十年。 (4)若表示地點(diǎn)的詞是副詞,則要省去to. ★She has never been there. 她從來沒有去過那兒。 2. already與yet already: “已經(jīng)”,用于肯定句,通常在句中。 yet: “已經(jīng),仍然,還”,用于否定句或一般疑問句,通常在句末。 【特例展示】 ★我已經(jīng)買了一臺電腦。 I have already bought a computer. (肯定句用already,在have與bought之間) →I haven’t bought a computer yet. (否定句用yet, 在句末) →Have you bought a computer yet? (一般疑問句用yet, 在句末) 3. for與since for:后跟一段時間,表示多長時間了。 since: 后跟過去的時間點(diǎn)或從句。 【特例展示】 ★ Jim has been in China for two years. 吉姆來中國有兩年了。 ★ Jim has been in China since two years ago. 吉姆自從兩年前就來中國了。 ★ He has taught English in this school since he graduated. 自從畢業(yè),他就在這所學(xué)校教英語。 4. ever與never ever: “曾經(jīng)”,常用于疑問句或否定句中。 never: “從來不”,表示否定的含義。 【特例展示】 ★ Have you ever been to Guilin? 你曾經(jīng)去過桂林嗎? No, never. 不,從來沒去過。 ★ He has never been to New York, has he? 他從沒去過紐約,是嗎? 5. before與ago before: “以前”,用于完成時。 ago: “在…以前”,用于一般過去時。 【特例展示】 ★ He finished his homework two hours ago. 兩個小時前,他做完了作業(yè)。(ago指兩小時前這個過去的時間,和現(xiàn)在沒有關(guān)系。) ★ He has finished his homework two hours before. 兩個小時前,他就已經(jīng)完成作業(yè)了。(before指從兩小時前到現(xiàn)在的時間,和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系。) 6. just, just now與now just: “剛剛”,用于現(xiàn)在完成時,常位于have/has與過去分詞之間。 just now: “剛才”,用于一般過去時,常位于句末。 now: “現(xiàn)在”,用于現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時,常位于句首或句末。 【特例展示】 ★ I have just read the book. 我剛剛看完這本書。 ★ I read the book just now. 我剛才看完了這本書。 ★ I am reading the book now. 我現(xiàn)在正在看這本書。 【考點(diǎn)八】過去完成時
【特別提示】 過去完成時表示在過去某一時間或動作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動作。它所表示動作發(fā)生的時間是在“過去的過去”。通常與by the time, by the end of, before等時間狀語連用。如: ★ The train had left before I got to the station. 我到車站時,火車已經(jīng)開走了。 ★ We had learnt over 2000 English words by the end of last term. 到上學(xué)期為止,我們就已經(jīng)學(xué)了2000多個英語單詞。 ★ He said he had finished his homework. 他說他已經(jīng)完成了他的作業(yè)。 【考點(diǎn)九】動詞時態(tài)的解題關(guān)鍵
【說明】 巧解時態(tài)題的關(guān)鍵是:一看時間狀語來確定時態(tài);二根據(jù)主語來確定單、復(fù)數(shù);三是注意動詞的變化,是用什么形式。 八種時態(tài)的構(gòu)成及常用時間狀語見《附錄二》,這是做好時態(tài)題和寫作題的關(guān)鍵,請同學(xué)們務(wù)必記住,這非常重要。 【基礎(chǔ)鞏固 課堂練習(xí)】 第二步學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo):能用所學(xué)基本知識解決以下問題。 I.用所給動詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。 1. What ____ he ____(do)? He is a teacher. 2. He often _____ (go) to school at seven. 3. They usually ______(have) supper at home. 4. Jim always _____(carry) the water on Sundays. 5. Kate, please ______(open) the door. 6. She __________(like) _________(swim). 7. Jim _______(read) English now. 8. Look! Jim _______(run) on the playground. 9. They ______(not, have) breakfast ten minutes ago. 10. They ________(have) breakfast at 7:00 yesterday morning. 11. She usually __________(go) hiking on Sundays. 12. Listen! Someone _______(sing) in the next room. 13. He ________(brush) his teeth twice a day. 14. Jim’s mother _______(go) ______(shop) three times a week. 15. Uncle Wang usually ____ (fly) to Beijing. 16. Be quiet ! The patient __________ (sleep). 17. Look, a number of Young Pioneers _______(plant) trees over there. 18. Emily often _______ (help) her mother _________ (wash) clothes on Sunday. 19. ______ (not be) afraid, I ____________ (show) you how to reach the station. 20. What ______ you _____________ (do) the day after tomorrow ? 21. There ________ (be) an important meeting in two days. 22. My aunt (join) the Party in 1995. 23. --What _____ you ______(do) at this time yesterday? --I _________(have) a piano lesson. 24. Jim _______(draw) a horse when the teacher came in. 25. My mother _________(cook) while my father _____(wash) his car yesterday morning. 26. –Hi, Kate. You look tired. What’s wrong? --I _______(not, sleep) well last night. 27. The movie is very interesting. I _______(see) it twice. 28. –What are you going to do this weekend? --I _______(not, decide) yet. 29. –How long ____ you ______(study) here? ---For about three years so far. 30. I don’t know if it _____(rain) tomorrow. If it _______(not, rain), I will go to the park. 31. They ________(work) here since the factory opened. 32. –Where _____ you _____(see) Lisa? --On the street. But she almost forgot me. 33. Mr. Huang ______(go) to Guiyang. He’ll come back in two weeks. 34. --_____ you ever _____ (be) to Hainan? --Yes, three times. 35. –How do you go to school every day? --By bike. But I take a taxi when it ____(rain). 36. He said he _________(go) swimming the next week. 37. –Excuse me. Where is Lily? --Oh. She _______(watch) TV at home. 38. --Where is Lily? --Oh. She ____________(go) to London. 39. I’ll tell you as soon as he _________(come) back. 40. By the end of last term, we _________(learn) over 2500 English words. II.選擇題。 ( ) 41. –Great changes ___ in the last three years. A. have taken place B. have been taken place C. have happened D. have been happened ( ) 42. –Linda, can I borrow the book Jane Eyre? --Sorry, I ______ it to Lily. A. lent B. have lent C. had lent D. lend ( ) 43. –Have you ever been anywhere for a trip? --A trip? I _____ away from my hometown even once. A. went B. have gone C. have never been D. have been ( ) 44. --____ to the Great Wall? --Yes. And I will be back next week. A. Are you going B. Did you go C. Have you gone D. Have you been ( ) 45. –Did you notice him come in? --No. I _____ a football game. A. have watched B. had watched C. am watching D. was watching ( ) 46. The doctor ___ a ____ old man yesterday. A. saved; dying B. saved; died C. has saved; dead D. saved; dead ( ) 47. –What about the pen you bought yesterday? --It _____ well. I like it very much. A. was written B. is written C. wrote D. writes ( ) 48. –I wonder if your wife will go to the party. --If your wife ____, so ____. A. does; does she B. will; will mine C. does; will mine D. will; will I ( ) 49. –When ____ you _____ the bike? --Last week. A. have; bought B. had; bought C. do; buy D. did; buy ( ) 50. –You’ve left the light on. --Oh, sorry. I______ and turn it off. A. have gone B. will go C. went D. am going ( ) 51. –I’m sorry to hear that Jim failed the exam. --Don’t worry about him. I’m sure that he will never give up until he _____. A. succeed B. succeeds C. success D. succeeded ( ) 52. --Where’s the cake I made this morning? --We _____ it, mom. Could you make another one for us? A. ate B. eat C. will eat D. were eating ( ) 53. If it ____ sunny tomorrow, we ____hiking. A. is, go B. is; will go C. will be; go D. will be; will go ( ) 54. I won’t go to bed until the TV play ___ over. A. is B. will be C. was D. will ( ) 55. They ___ about the football match that was held last night on TV. Let’s join them. A. are talking B. talk C. were talking D. talked ( ) 56. By the time I went out, the bus ______. A. had left B. has left C. left D. was left ( ) 57. You don't need to describe her. I ___ her several times. A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet ( ) 58. --I'm sorry to keep you waiting. --Oh, not at all. I ___ here for only a few minutes. A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be ( ) 59. The students __ when Miss Brown came in. A. had written B. wrote C. have written D. were writing ( ) 60. My dictionary ___, I have looked for it everywhere but still___ it. A. has lost, don't find B. is missing, don't find C. has lost, haven't found D. is missing, haven't found. ( ) 61. --How long _____ you ______ your bike? --Just two weeks. A. will; buy B. did; buy C. are; having D. have; had ( ) 62. --_____ your brother ____ in Greener China for a long time? --Yes. He joined it two years ago. A. Has; been B. Have; been C. Has; joined D. Have; joined ( ) 63. The students are sorry to hear that the famous singer _____ for half an hour. A. has left B. has gone C. has been away D. has gone away ( ) 64. When I arrived at the office, the meeting ______ for ten minutes. A. has begun B. had been on C. began D. had begun ( ) 65. As she ___ the newspaper, Granny ___ asleep. A. read; was falling B. was reading; fell C. was reading; was falling D. read; fell ( ) 66. Hurry up! The train ____ in five minutes. A. leaves B. will leave C. leave D. leaving ( ) 67. The two old friends __ each other for years. A. haven’t seen B. didn’t see C. weren’t seen D. weren’t seeing III.同義句轉(zhuǎn)換。 68. Jim’s grandpa died last year. Jim’s grandpa _____ _____ _____ ____ one year. 69. She bought the computer two years ago. She ______ _____ the computer _____ two years. 70. Linda left her hometown last year. Linda ______ _____ _______ ______ her hometown since last year. 71. He is going to Beijing by plane. He is ______ to Beijing. 72. He has been in Xingyi for a week. He ______ Xingyi a week ago. 【質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)控制 考試滿分過關(guān)】 以上72小題中,做錯的題目有: ____________________________________; 解決日期是:________________________; 解決途徑:__________________________; 感謝恩人:__________________________. 【全面冥想 縱橫聯(lián)系 睡前練習(xí) 終生記憶】 第三步學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo):重點(diǎn)知識再現(xiàn),加深印象 1. 閉上眼睛,花10分鐘回憶八種時態(tài)的構(gòu)成、用法及常用的時間狀語。 2. 回顧上述題目中的錯題。 【鏈接中考 輕松備考】 第四步學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo):能用所學(xué)知識解決2011年中考題。 ( ) 1. Now my father _____ his bike to work every day instead of driving. 【2011上海】 A. ride B. rode C. rides D. will ride ( ) 2. Although Bill isn’t rich enough, he often ______ money to the poor. 【2011山東】 A. will give B. was giving C. gives D. gave ( ) 3. Paul and I ____ tennis yesterday. He did much better than I. 【2011北京】 A. play B. will play C. played D. are playing ( ) 4. Where's Tom? His mother ____ him now. 【2011北京】 A. is looking for B. will look for C. has looked for D. Looks for ( ) 5. Look! The boys ______ football on the playground. 【2011桂林】 A. plays B. play C. are playing D. played ( ) 6. Listen! The phone _____. Please go to answer it. 【2011沈陽】 A. rings B. is ringing C. rang D. will ring ( ) 7. My aunt is a writer. She ___ more than ten books since 1980. 【2011北京】 A. writes B. wrote C. has written D. will write ( ) 8. "Where's your brother, Jane?" "He's not in Guiyang these days. He_____ Beijing.” 【2011貴陽】 A. has gone to B. has been to C. had been to ( ) 9. I ______my hometown for a long time, I really miss it! 【2011重慶】 A. left B. went away from C. have left D. have been away from ( ) 10.--What were you doing at this time yesterday? --I ___ on the grass and drawing a picture. 【2011北京】 A. sit B. sat C. am sitting D. was sitting ( ) 11. The girl _____with two cats in the yard when the earthquake happened. 【2011呼和浩特】 A. was playing B. is playing C. are playing D. were playing ( ) 12.The meeting ____ by the time I got there yesterday. 【2011烏魯木齊】 A. was on B. has been on C. had begun D. has begun ( ) 13.By the time I got to the cinema, the movie _______ for ten minutes. 【2011廣東河源】 A. had begun B. had been on C. has started D. has been on ( ) 14. Chen Guangbiao says he ___ all his money to charities when he dies. 【2011山東臨沂】 A. leaves B. left C. will leave D. would leave ( ) 15. We are glad to hear that the Greens _____ to a new flat next week. 【2011上?!?/FONT> A. move B. moved C. will move D. have moved ( ) 16. My sister wants a new dress. She it to the party. 【2011河北】 A. wears B. has worn C. wore D. is going to wear |
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