Question: What happens to the mind when we get used to paying partial attention?
Gary Small: We all know we multitask. I mean this is a common part of everyday life and you know I like to drink my coffee in the morning and read the newspaper, so that’s a form of multitasking. Now of course I don’t do that when I’m driving because that is dangerous, so we know of many dangers of multitasking. We know that middle-age people who multitask don’t do as well as people who are focusing on one task and we also know that young people who multitask, they can complete the task more rapidly, but they make more errors, so we’re becoming faster, but sloppier when we multitask, but there is another mental process related to multitasking that’s often called partial continuous attention. Here we’re not just doing two or three tasks at the same time, we’re scanning the environment for new information at any point and this is a process that I think is becoming very popular now that we have all these new electronic communication gadgets, cell phones, PDAs, computers, the internet, so many people are at their workstation or at home in bed because we don’t have much demarcation these days between leisure life and work life, and they may be having a conversation on the phone or with someone next to them and they’re waiting for a little ding or a little sound or a new message that might be more interesting and exciting than whatever mental activity they’re engaged in at that time. Now there's dangers to that I think. Certainly there are social dangers. You can certainly insult someone if you answer your cell phone in the middle of a conversation, but I think it also may be a state of heightened mental stress because we’re constantly scanning the environment and we know from other studies that chronic stress is not good for the brain. In fact, laboratory animals under stress have smaller memory cells in the hippocampus. Human volunteers injected with stress hormones like cortisol have temporary impairment in learning and recall, so I think partial continuous attention it’s hard to resist, probably our dopamine circuits that are involved in reward systems drive it because we want that exciting new bit of information, but we have to be aware of it and try to manage it better.
Question: How can we counteract the effects of partial continuous attention?
多重任務處理正在損傷你的大腦?
(加里·思摩是加利福尼亞大學洛杉磯分校、醫(yī)學院、精神病學和衰老研究方面的教授。)
問:長期的不完全注意力會對我們的思維造成怎樣的影響?
加里·思摩:
我們都在進行著多重任務處理。我是說這已經(jīng)成了我們每日生活中很常見的部分,我早上邊喝咖啡邊看報紙,這就是多重任務處理。當然我開車的時候不會那么做,因為這很危險,由此我們都知道多重任務處理存在諸多危險。我們知道中年人進行多重任務處理要比只做一件事的人完成度低,我們也知道年輕人進行多重任務處理,能更快速完成任務,而他們往往會犯更多錯誤,所以多重任務處理讓我們變得更快、也更馬虎了。而在多重任務處理之外還存在著一種與之相關的腦力現(xiàn)象,被稱之為“不完全注意”。而這就不只是同一時間處理兩或三件任務了,而是隨時隨地都在虛擬空間中找尋新的信息,而鑒于我們擁有了所有這些新式電子交流設備——手機、筆記本、電腦、網(wǎng)絡,這一現(xiàn)象將會變得相當流行,于是很多人如果不是在家里的床上睡覺就等于是在工作崗位上,因為今天我們的工作和生活之間已經(jīng)沒有什么界限。你和一個人坐在一起的時候,可能和另外一個人在電話上進行對話;你在處理一件事情的時候,可能等待著一條短信、“叮的一聲”、或者其他什么聲音,而那比你正在處理的任何思考都要新奇有趣。而此時危害就勢必要出現(xiàn)了。毫無疑問的,社交危害將會出現(xiàn)。在對話中間接電話一定會冒犯別人的,但我也想這種情況可能是心理壓力的一種顯現(xiàn),因為我們不斷地瀏覽著虛擬空間、并且一些其他的研究也告訴我們長期的壓力對大腦是有害的。事實上,實驗室中,那些處于壓力下的動物的海馬組織中的記憶細胞會更小。人類志愿者在注射了壓力荷爾蒙,如“可的松”后,學習和記憶能力都會出現(xiàn)暫時性的削弱。所以我想“不完全注意”的難以避免是因為受到了存在于反饋系統(tǒng)中的多巴胺循環(huán)的驅使,因為我們需要那些個令人興奮的信息。但我們應該對其加以關注,并更好地對付它。
問:我們怎么做才能抵消“不完全注意”產(chǎn)生的影響呢?
加里·思摩:
我想對付“不完全注意”的第一步(如果你想給它個簡稱的話也可以叫它PCA),是關注它,并且關注它到底是怎么影響我們面對面的交流技巧的,以及它是怎么影響到我們個人的。不久前,我對我十幾歲的女兒說,“你知道,瑞秋,我跟你講話的時候你在同時發(fā)著短信,我根本感覺不到你在認真聽我說話。”于是她抬頭看了看我,說“爸,別擔心,在老師面前我不會這樣的?!苯又拖骂^,繼續(xù)發(fā)她的短信。我一笑了之,她是個青少年,某種程度上來說是一種不一樣的文化,在他們的年齡層中間,這是可以忍受的。但我還是覺得不完全注意會使人在社交時造成失態(tài)。我想我們要做的另一件重要的事是關了電腦、休息休息,如果在進行面對面的交流,就關了那些個電子設備吧,并且不受引誘、不被分心!