1

人稱代詞

主格

I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they

賓格

me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them

形容詞性物主代詞

my, your, his, her, its, our, their

名詞性物主代詞

mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs

2

反身代詞

myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves

3

指示代詞

this, that, these, those, such, some

4

疑問代詞

who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever

5

關系代詞/連接代詞

that, which, who, whom, whose, as

6

不定代詞

one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little

other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either

7

相互代詞

each other,one another

類  別

區(qū)  別

例  句

one, some，

any和it

one可以泛指人或者事（東西），其復數(shù)為ones

①We’ve been looking at the houses but haven’t found ___ we like yet.

A.one      B.ones             C.it       D.them

②Cars do cause us some health problems — in fact far more serious _______ than mobile phones do.

A.one         B.ones            C.it            D.those

some可用于疑問句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答復，或者表示建議，請求等

—Your coffee smells great!  —It’s from Mexico．Would you like ________?

A.it             B.some          C.this          D.1ittle

some 和any修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)時，some表示某個，any表示任何一個

①I have read this article in some magazine.  Please correct the mistakes, if any.

②—Which of the three ways shall I take to the village?   

—________way as you please.

A.Each           B.Every         C.Any       D.Either

one指同類中的一個，it指代同一種類的東西。此外it還可以作形式主語、形式賓語和用于強調句型中。

—There is still a copy of the book in the library. Will you go and borrow     ?

—No, I’d rather buy      in the bookstore.

A.it;one                B.one;one            C.one;it          D.it;it

some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑問句和否定句

①There’s ________cooking oil in the house. Would you go to the corner store and get ________.

 A.1ittle,some     B.1ittle,any          C.a little,some    D.a little,any

②We had three sets of garden tools and we seemed to have no use for ________.

A.none         B.either            C.any           D.each

③He doesn’t have _________ furniture in his room --just an old desk.

A. any          B. many          C. some           D. much

each和every

each強調個別，代表的數(shù)可以是兩個或兩個以上，而every強調整體，所指的數(shù)必須是三個或三個以上

①Each student has a pocket dictionary.

Each (of us) has a dictionary. = We each have a dictionary.

②Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points.

none和no

no等于not any，作定語。none作主語或賓語，代替不可數(shù)名詞，謂語用單數(shù)，代替可數(shù)名詞，謂語單復數(shù)皆可以

①There is no water in the bottle.

②How much water is there in the bottle? None.

③None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties.

other和another

other泛指“另外的，別的”常與其他

詞連用，如：the other day, every other

week, someother reason, no other way,

the other特指兩者中的另外一個，復數(shù)為the others

①Both sides have accused            of breaking the contract.

A. another      B. the other      C. neither      D. each

②Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam.

another指“又一個，另一個”無所指，

復數(shù)形式是others，泛指“別的人或

事”

①We had a picnic last term and it was a lot of fun，so let’s have ______ one this month．

A．the other         B．some      C．another   D．other

②The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others.

③Some like football, while others like basketball.

either和neither

前者意思為：兩者都（兩者中任何一方都）；后者意思為：兩者都

①—Do you want tea or coffee?   — ______,  I really don't mind.

A. none          B. neither          C. either          D. all

②It was hard for him to learn English in a family, in which _____ of the parents spoke the language.

A. none          B. neither          C. both           D. each

1

修飾some, any, every, no和body, thing, one等構成的復合不定代詞時

nobody absent, everything possible

2

以-able, -ible結尾的形容詞可置于有最高級或only修飾的名詞之后

the best book available, the only solution possible

3

alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等作定語時后置

the only person awake

4

和空間、時間、單位連用時

a bridge 50 meters long

5

成對的形容詞可以后置

a huge room simple and beautiful

6

形容詞短語一般后置

a man difficult to get on with

7

enough修飾名詞時可以前置也可以后置，但修飾形容詞或副詞時要后置

______to take his adventure course will certainly learn a

lot of useful skills.(NMET2000)

A.Brave enough students      B.Enough breave students 

C.Students brave enough       D.Students enough brave

1

形容詞+名詞+ed

kind-hearted

6

名詞+形容詞

world-famous

2

形容詞+形容詞

dark-blue

7

名詞+現(xiàn)在分詞

peace-loving

3

形容詞+現(xiàn)在分詞

ordinary-looking

8

名詞+過去分詞

snow-covered

4

副詞+現(xiàn)在分詞

hard-working

9

數(shù)詞+名詞+ed

three-egged

5

副詞+過去分詞

newly-built

10

數(shù)詞+名詞

twenty-year

1

時間副詞

soon, now, early, finally, once, recently

5

頻度副詞

always, often, frequently, seldom, never

2

地點副詞

here, nearby, outside, upwards, above

6

疑問副詞

how, where, when, why

3

方式副詞

hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, really

7

連接副詞

how, when, where, why, whether, however, meanwhile

4

程度副詞

almost, nearly, very, fairly, quite, rather

8

關系副詞

when, where, why

項   目

例  句

同級比較時常常用 as…as…以及not so(as)…as…

She is as tall as her mother.

I am not as/ so good a player as you are.

雙方比較，表示一方超過另一方時，用“比較級 （+ than）”

的結構表示。要注意題干中將比較的另一方陰藏起來的情況。

This picture is more beautiful than that one.

I have never seen such a more interesting film (than this one).

表示一方不及另一方時，用“l(fā)ess + 原級 + than”的結構表示

This room is less beautiful than that one.

表示一方隨另一方變化時用“the more…the more…”句型

The harder you work, the more progress you will make

用比較級來表達最高級的意思

I have never spent a more worrying day.

我從來沒有度過這樣令人煩惱的一天。

（意為：我度過了最為令人煩惱的一天。）

倍數(shù)的表達

表達法一：A is three(four, etc.)times the size(height, length etc.)of B.

The new building is four times the size(the height)of the old one.

這座新樓是那座舊樓的四倍大（高）/這座新樓比那座舊樓大（高）三倍。

表達法二：A is three(four, etc.)times as big(high, long, etc.)as B.

Asia is four times as large as Europe.

亞洲是歐洲的四倍大/亞洲比歐洲大三倍。

表達法三：A is three (four, etc.)times bigger(higher, longer, etc.)than B.

Your school is three times bigger than ours.

你們的學校比我們的學校大三倍。

用times 表倍數(shù)通常用于三倍以上，兩倍可以用twice或double.

知識網(wǎng)絡

動詞的分類

行為動詞（實義動詞）

①及物動詞（帶賓語）：study, develop;

②不及物動詞（不帶賓語）work, swim, go, come

③狀態(tài)動詞（相對靜止）contain, exist, own, prefer, belong

④動作動詞：延續(xù)性（work, stay）；非延續(xù)性（marry, go, come）

連系動詞（漢語中沒有這種詞類）

助動詞（與動詞原形或分詞構成復合謂語）

be(am,is,are),do(does,did);have(has);will,would,shall

情態(tài)動詞

can(could),may(might),must,shall(should)

短語動詞常見的構成方式及其注意點

動詞+副詞所構成的短語動詞分及物的和不及物的兩類

Please turn every light in the house off. 請把房子里的每一盞燈都關掉。（及物）

Harry turned up after the party when everyone had left.

晚會后，人們都已離去，哈里出現(xiàn)了。（不及物）

注意：

①如果賓語較長，就應避免把副詞同動詞分開

She turned off all the lights which had been left on. 她關掉了所有還在亮著的燈。

②如果賓語是人稱代詞，只能放在動詞和副詞之間

She gave them away.她送掉了它們。

③同一動詞和不同副詞搭配時，意義上有很大的差異

ring back回電話     ring off掛斷電話     ring up打電話

put away放好       put on穿，上演      put up掛起，舉起。

④不同動詞和同一副詞搭配時，在意義上有很大的差異

break out發(fā)生，爆炸       carry out進行，開展        go out熄滅

hand out分發(fā)              let out放出                look out當心

sell out賣完               set out出發(fā),               take out取出

work out算出  

動詞+介詞(及物)

I'm looking for my glasses. 我在找我的眼鏡。

注意：①當它跟賓語時，不能把介詞放在賓語后面。

②同一動詞和不同介詞搭配時，意義上有很大的差異。

look after照料，look at看，look for尋找

動詞+副詞+介詞

I look forward to seeing you soon. 我盼望不久就見到你。

注：“動詞+介詞”、“動詞+名詞+副詞”、“動詞+副詞+介詞”，這三種搭配都是及物的，如變成被動語態(tài)，不可漏掉介詞。In this way both grain and vegetable can be well looked after. (不能漏掉after) 這樣一來，糧食和蔬菜都能兼顧了。

考點聚焦及解題點撥

(單個動詞)同義詞近義詞辨析

從三個方面考慮：詞的恰切含義、搭配（與介詞、名詞或非謂語動詞的搭配）和用法（是及物動詞還是不及物動詞）

系動詞的用法

狀態(tài)系動詞be

持續(xù)系動詞keep,remain,stay,continue,lie,stand,rest

表象系動詞seem,appear

感官/感覺系動詞look,smell,taste,sound,feel

變化系動詞become,grow,get,turn,fall,go,come

終止系動詞prove,turn out

解答這類試題的關鍵首先是弄清題意，然后是分析句子結構，由此可判斷出該動詞是否用作系動詞，最后確定所要填入的答案。特別關注：go hungry,come true,turn writer

接雙賓語的動詞

give sb. sth=give sth.to sb             buy sb. sth.=buy sth. for sb

但是我們只能說：suggest sth. to sb.    explain sth.to sb.      read sth. to sb.

短語動詞的辨析

熟記?？嫉亩陶Z動詞的意義

容易被我們忽視的知識點

sell, write, wash, wear等詞的主動形式后跟副詞表示被動意義

happen, occur,take place, break out, come out, belong to等無被動形式

名稱

構成

用法

一般現(xiàn)在時

do/does,( 連系動詞is/am/are )

1.一般現(xiàn)在時表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生、習慣性動作、客觀真理、科學事實、格言，目前的特征、狀態(tài)、能力等。

2.主句是一般將來時,時間、條件狀語從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來。

I’ll go there after I finish my work.

If it rains tomorrow,I won’t go there.

3.在以here,there開頭的句子里，go,come等少數(shù)動詞的一般在時表示正在發(fā)生的動作。

There goes the bell.鈴響了。

There comes the bus.汽車來了。

Here she comes.她來了。

一般過去時

did,( 連系動詞was/were)

表達特定的過去時間內發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀況，或過去某一時間內經(jīng)常發(fā)生或反復發(fā)生的動作或行為。

現(xiàn)在進行時

is/am/are doing

1.表示正在進行的動作。

2.表示按計劃安排即將發(fā)生的動作。

She is leaving for Beijing.她要去北京。

He is working as a teacher tomorrow.

從明天起他要做老師。

My father is coming to see me this Saturday.

這個星期六我爸爸要來看我。

3.代替一般現(xiàn)在時，描繪更加生動。

The Changjiang River is flowing into the east.

長江江水滾滾向東流。

The sun is rising in the east.太陽從東方冉冉升起。

過去進行時

was/were doing

1.表示過去某一時刻或某一段時間內正在進行的動作（這一過去時間須用時間狀語表示）

He was preparing his lecture all day yesterday.

2.表示動作在另一過去動作發(fā)生時進行

They were still working when I left.

3.用在兩個過去進行時動作同時發(fā)生

I was writing while he was watching TV.

4.表示過去將來動作

He said she was arriving the next day.

現(xiàn)在完成時

has/have done

1.表示過去發(fā)生的動作對現(xiàn)在產生的影響或結果，說話時已

完成的動作。

I have finished the report./ She has cleand the room.

2.表示從過去開始，待續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)，往往

和“for...”, “since...”表述的一段時間狀語連用。

He has learned English for six years.

They have worked here since they left college.

3.表示“曾經(jīng)到過某地（人已回來）”用“have/has been to”,表示“到某地去了（還未回來）”用“have/has gone to”。

—Where is Li Hua?

－He has gone to the reading-room.

—She knows a lot about Shanghai.

－She has been there.

4.短暫動詞（即瞬間動詞），

join,lose,buy,borrow,leave,go,come,arrive,die,marry, finish,complete,begin,start,break out等，在完成時態(tài)

中，其肯定式不能和表示一段時間的狀語連用。不能說：He has joined the army for three years.

要翻譯“他已參軍已經(jīng)三年了?！笨刹捎?/P>

①“ago法”

He joined the army three years ago.

②“延續(xù)法”

He has been in the army for three years.

③“since法”

It is/has been three years since he joined the army.

過去完成時

had done

1.表示在過去某一時間以前已經(jīng)完成的動作。

He had shut the door before the dog came up.

Everything had been all right up till this morning.

2.表示動作或狀態(tài)從過去某個時刻開始一直延續(xù)到

另一個過去時刻才完成，甚至還要繼續(xù)下去。

At the age of ten,he had learned 500 English words.

He had been ill for a week when we learned about it.

3.常用hope,expect,think,intend,want,suppose等動詞的

過去完成時來表示未實現(xiàn)的希望、打算或意圖。

We had expected that you would be able to win the match.

將來完成時

will/shall have done

用來表示在將來某個時刻（前）將完成的動作。常和by短

語，when,before引起的時間狀語連用。

We will have finished senior Book 2 by the end of this term.

現(xiàn)在完成進行時

has/have been doing

用來表示從過去某一時刻開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在（還要繼續(xù)下

去）的動作。He has been doing the maths problems since 8:00.

過去完成進行時

had been doing

表示動作或狀態(tài)從過去某個時刻開始一直延續(xù)到另一個過去時刻才完成，還將繼續(xù)下去。

一般將來時

will/shall do

is/am/are going to do

is/am/are（about）to do

一般將來時表示將來要發(fā)生的動作和存在的狀況

（詳見下面2.一般將來時的特殊表達方式的比較）

過去將來時

would/should do

was/were going to do

was/were（about）to do

1.相對于過去某一時刻而言即將發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)

He told me he would go to Beijing.他告訴我他將去北京。

I was told that he was going to return home.

有人告訴我他準備回家。

2. would do(表示過去的習慣)總是,總會,常常
He would sit silent for hours.

他常常接連好幾個小時默默地坐著。

將來時

用   法

例   句

1

be + doing 進行時表將來

go, come, start, move, leave, arrive等詞可用進行時表示按計劃即將發(fā)生的動作

He is moving to the south.

Are they leaving for Europe?

2

be about to + 動詞原形

表示安排或計劃中的馬上就要發(fā)生的動作，后面一般不跟時間狀語

I was about to leave when the bell rang.

The meeting is about to close.

3

be to + 動詞原形

表示按計劃進行或征求對方意見

We’re to meet at the school gate at noon.

4

一般現(xiàn)在時表將來

時刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來

The meeting starts at five o’clock.

The plane leaves at ten this evening.

項   目

區(qū)   別

例   句

一般過去時與現(xiàn)在完成時的比較

現(xiàn)在完成時強調過去動作對現(xiàn)在產生的影響或造成的結果

We haven’t heard from Jane for a long time. What do you suppose _______ to her?

A. was happening    B. happens      C. has happened    D. happened

說明：說話者強調Jane 目前的狀況.

Mr. Lee, who ________ as a carpenter for over 10 years, is now a very famous statesman in this country.

A. has worked       B. had worked              C. worked             D. works

(只說明他過去當過木匠不涉及到現(xiàn)在)

一般過去時只表達過去的動作或狀態(tài)

Hello, I ____ you were in London. How long _________ here?

A. don’t know; were you            B. hadn’t known; are you

C. haven’t known; are              D. didn’t know; have you been

說明：didn’t know 強調見面前不知道

I read the novel last month. (只說明上個月看了，不涉及現(xiàn)在是否記住)

現(xiàn)在完成時與現(xiàn)在完成進行時的比較

著重表示動作的結果時，用現(xiàn)在完成時

I have read that book.我讀過那本書了。（知道那本書的內容）

著重表示動作一直在進行，即動作的延續(xù)性時，則用現(xiàn)在完成進行時

—Hi, Tracy, you look tired.   

—I am tired. I _______ the living room all day.

A. painted              B. had painted   

C. have been painting     D. have painted

說明：強調動作從過去到現(xiàn)在的延續(xù)

現(xiàn)在進行時與過去進行時的比較

現(xiàn)在進行時表示現(xiàn)在某個時候或某段時間正在進行的動作

I don’t really work here. I ____ until the new secretary _______.

A. just help out; comes             B. have just helped out; will come

C. am just helping out; comes       D. will just help out; has come

說明：指目前一段時間正在發(fā)生的動作, until 引導的是時間狀語從句,動詞需用一般現(xiàn)在時。

過去進行時表示某個時候或某段時間正在進行的動作

— Hey, look where you are going!  

— Oh, I’m terribly sorry. _______.

 A. I’m not noticing.   B. I wasn’t noticing. 

C. I haven’t noticed.   D. I don’t notice.

說明：對話的后者顯然是在解釋剛才不小心冒犯對方時正在做的事情.

一般過去時與過去進行時的比較

一般過去時只表達過去的動作或狀態(tài)

Tom________ into the house when no one ___________.

A. slipped; was noticing  B. had slipped; noticed 

C. slipped; had noticed   D. was slipping; noticed

說明：slip和notice 為同時發(fā)生的動作，因此B、C為錯誤選項，slipped指過去有結果的動作（他溜進去了），when no one was noticing 指他溜進去的一剎那發(fā)生的情況（沒有人注意）。

過去進行時表示某個時候或某段時間正在進行的動作

.He ______ a book about China last year, but I don’t know if he ______ it.

A.wrote; has finished            B. was writing; has finished

C. was writing; had finished       D. wrote; will finish

說明：正確選項為B. 從I don’t know if he has finished it.推斷，他去年一直在寫。

常用被動語態(tài)

構   成

常用被動語態(tài)

構   成

1

一般現(xiàn)在時

am/is/are done

6

過去進行時

was/were being done

2

一般過去時

was/were done

7

現(xiàn)在完成時

have/has been done

3

一般將來時

shall/will be done

8

過去完成時

had been done

4

過去將來時

should/would be done

9

將來完成時

will/would have been done

5

現(xiàn)在進行時

am/is/are being done

10

含有情態(tài)動詞的

can/must/may be done

注

意

事

項

被動語態(tài)的否定式是在第一個助動詞或情態(tài)動詞后加not，短語動詞的被動態(tài)不可漏掉其中介副詞。固定結構be going to,

used to,have to, had better變?yōu)楸粍討B(tài)時，只需將其后的動詞變?yōu)楸粍討B(tài)。

Trees should not be planted in summer.                The boy was made fun of by his classmates.

Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl.

漢語有一類句子不出現(xiàn)主語，在英語中一般可用被動結構表示：

It is believed that…                      It is generally considered that…          It is said that…   

It is well known that…                   It must be pointed out that…             It is supposed that… 

It is reported that…                      It must be admitted that…               It is hoped that…

被動語態(tài)的句型

1.常見句式是：主語（受動者）＋be＋過去分詞＋（by＋施動者）：He was scolded by the English teacher.

2.主語＋get＋過去分詞＋其它成分：The boy got drowned last summer./ She got fired because of her faults.

使用這種結構不能帶有“by＋施動者”

3.帶有雙賓語（直接賓語和間接賓語）的主動句變?yōu)閯泳?，其主語可以是直接賓語，也可以是間接賓語。

She lent me a bike.?被動：①I was lent a bike(by her). ②A bike was lent to me(by her).

4.情態(tài)動詞＋be＋過去分詞：This problem must be worked out in half an hour.

5.雙重被動式：主語＋被動式謂語＋不定式的被動式＋其它成分

These magazines are not allowed to be taken out of the reading-room.

The murderer was ordered to be shot.

下面主動形式常表示被動意義

1.不及物動詞與狀語連用，用以表示主語的品質和狀態(tài)。常見動詞是：cut,sell,read,write,fill,cook,lock,wash等。

This knife cuts well.這把刀好切。             These books sell well.這些書好賣。

The pen writes smoothly.這支筆寫起來流暢。   Meat won’t keep long in such hot weather.肉在這樣熱的天氣里放不長久。

The cloth washes well.這種布好洗。

2.一些連系動詞的主動式＋形容詞。常見動look,smell,taste,sound,feel,prove,turn out等。

The apples taste good.                       The flower smells wonderful.

The news proved/turned out true.               Cotton feels soft.

不可變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的幾種情況

1.I teach myself French.不可變?yōu)镸yself is taught French.因為反身代詞不可作主語。

2.We help each other/one another.不可變?yōu)镋ach other/One another is helped by us.因為相互代詞不可作主語。

3.He lost heart.不可變?yōu)镠eart was lost by him.

因為象lose heart,make a face,keep silence,lose in thought這類動賓結構的固定短語只能用于主動式，不能用被動式。

4.She took part in the sports meet.不能變?yōu)門he sports meet was taken part in by her.

因為象take part in,belong to ,own,have,hate,fail,contain等表狀態(tài)動詞沒有被動語態(tài)。

含有短語動詞在被動語態(tài)中介詞不能丟

Much attention must be paid to your handwriting.

特別注意以下句子的結構：Every minute must be made full use of to study Englsih.

下面詞或短語沒有被動態(tài)：

leave, enter, reach, become, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, come about, agree with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart等等