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發(fā)表時(shí)間:2010-03-02 最后修改:2010-05-25
首先,以超級(jí)管理員的身份登錄oracle sqlplus sys/bjsxt as sysdba 然后,解除對(duì)scott用戶的鎖 alter user scott account unlock; 那么這個(gè)用戶名就能使用了。 (默認(rèn)全局?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)庫(kù)名orcl) 1、select ename, sal * 12 from emp; //計(jì)算年薪 2、select 2*3 from dual; //計(jì)算一個(gè)比較純的數(shù)據(jù)用dual表 3、select sysdate from dual; //查看當(dāng)前的系統(tǒng)時(shí)間 4、select ename, sal*12 anuual_sal from emp; //給搜索字段更改名稱(雙引號(hào) keepFormat 別名有特殊字符,要加雙引號(hào))。 5、任何含有空值的數(shù)學(xué)表達(dá)式,最后的計(jì)算結(jié)果都是空值。 6、select ename||sal from emp; //(將sal的查詢結(jié)果轉(zhuǎn)化為字符串,與ename連接到一起,相當(dāng)于Java中的字符串連接) 7、select ename||'afasjkj' from emp; //字符串的連接 8、select distinct deptno from emp; //消除deptno字段重復(fù)的值 9、select distinct deptno , job from emp; //將與這兩個(gè)字段都重復(fù)的值去掉 10、select * from emp where deptno=10; //(條件過(guò)濾查詢) 11、select * from emp where empno > 10; //大于 過(guò)濾判斷 12、select * from emp where empno <> 10 //不等于 過(guò)濾判斷 13、select * from emp where ename > 'cba'; //字符串比較,實(shí)際上比較的是每個(gè)字符的AscII值,與在Java中字符串的比較是一樣的 14、select ename, sal from emp where sal between 800 and 1500; //(between and過(guò)濾,包含800 1500) 15、select ename, sal, comm from emp where comm is null; //(選擇comm字段為null的數(shù)據(jù)) 16、select ename, sal, comm from emp where comm is not null; //(選擇comm字段不為null的數(shù)據(jù)) 17、select ename, sal, comm from emp where sal in (800, 1500,2000); //(in 表范圍) 18、select ename, sal, hiredate from emp where hiredate > '02-2月-1981'; //(只能按照規(guī)定的格式寫(xiě)) 19、select ename, sal from emp where deptno =10 or sal >1000; 20、select ename, sal from emp where deptno =10 and sal >1000; 21、select ename, sal, comm from emp where sal not in (800, 1500,2000); //(可以對(duì)in指定的條件進(jìn)行取反) 22、select ename from emp where ename like '%ALL%'; //(模糊查詢) 23、select ename from emp where ename like '_A%'; //(取第二個(gè)字母是A的所有字段) 24、select ename from emp where ename like '%/%%'; //(用轉(zhuǎn)義字符/查詢字段中本身就帶%字段的) 25、select ename from emp where ename like '%$%%' escape '$'; //(用轉(zhuǎn)義字符/查詢字段中本身就帶%字段的) 26、select * from dept order by deptno desc; (使用order by desc字段 對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行降序排列 默認(rèn)為升序asc); 27、select * from dept where deptno <>10 order by deptno asc; //(我們可以將過(guò)濾以后的數(shù)據(jù)再進(jìn)行排序) 28、select ename, sal, deptno from emp order by deptno asc, ename desc; //(按照多個(gè)字段排序 首先按照deptno升序排列,當(dāng)detpno相同時(shí),內(nèi)部再按照ename的降序排列) 29、select lower(ename) from emp; //(函數(shù)lower() 將ename搜索出來(lái)后全部轉(zhuǎn)化為小寫(xiě)); 30、select ename from emp where lower(ename) like '_a%'; //(首先將所搜索字段轉(zhuǎn)化為小寫(xiě),然后判斷第二個(gè)字母是不是a) 31、select substr(ename, 2, 3) from emp; //(使用函數(shù)substr() 將搜素出來(lái)的ename字段從第二個(gè)字母開(kāi)始截,一共截3個(gè)字符) 32、select chr(65) from dual; //(函數(shù)chr() 將數(shù)字轉(zhuǎn)化為AscII中相對(duì)應(yīng)的字符) 33、select ascii('A') from dual; //(函數(shù)ascii()與32中的chr()函數(shù)是相反的 將相應(yīng)的字符轉(zhuǎn)化為相應(yīng)的Ascii編碼) ) 34、select round(23.232) from dual; //(函數(shù)round() 進(jìn)行四舍五入操作) 35、select round(23.232, 2) from dual; //(四舍五入后保留的小數(shù)位數(shù) 0 個(gè)位 -1 十位) 36、select to_char(sal, '$99,999.9999')from emp; //(加$符號(hào)加入千位分隔符,保留四位小數(shù),沒(méi)有的補(bǔ)零) 37、select to_char(sal, 'L99,999.9999')from emp; //(L 將貨幣轉(zhuǎn)化為本地幣種此處將顯示¥人民幣) 38、select to_char(sal, 'L00,000.0000')from emp; //(補(bǔ)零位數(shù)不一樣,可到數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)執(zhí)行查看) 39、select to_char(hiredate, 'yyyy-MM-DD HH:MI:SS') from emp; //(改變?nèi)掌谀J(rèn)的顯示格式) 40、select to_char(sysdate, 'yyyy-MM-DD HH:MI:SS') from dual; //(用12小時(shí)制顯示當(dāng)前的系統(tǒng)時(shí)間) 41、select to_char(sysdate, 'yyyy-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS') from dual; //(用24小時(shí)制顯示當(dāng)前的系統(tǒng)時(shí)間) 42、select ename, hiredate from emp where hiredate > to_date('1981-2-20 12:24:45','YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS'); //(函數(shù)to-date 查詢公司在所給時(shí)間以后入職的人員) 43、select sal from emp where sal > to_number('$1,250.00', '$9,999.99'); //(函數(shù)to_number()求出這種薪水里帶有特殊符號(hào)的) 44、select ename, sal*12 + nvl(comm,0) from emp; //(函數(shù)nvl() 求出員工的"年薪 + 提成(或獎(jiǎng)金)問(wèn)題") 45、select max(sal) from emp; // (函數(shù)max() 求出emp表中sal字段的最大值) 46、select min(sal) from emp; // (函數(shù)max() 求出emp表中sal字段的最小值) 47、select avg(sal) from emp; //(avg()求平均薪水); 48、select to_char(avg(sal), '999999.99') from emp; //(將求出來(lái)的平均薪水只保留2位小數(shù)) 49、select round(avg(sal), 2) from emp; //(將平均薪水四舍五入到小數(shù)點(diǎn)后2位) 50、select sum(sal) from emp; //(求出每個(gè)月要支付的總薪水) /////////////////////////組函數(shù)(共5個(gè)):將多個(gè)條件組合到一起最后只產(chǎn)生一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)//////min() max() avg() sum() count()///////////////////////////// 51、select count(*) from emp; //求出表中一共有多少條記錄 52、select count(*) from emp where deptno=10; //再要求一共有多少條記錄的時(shí)候,還可以在后面跟上限定條件 53、select count(distinct deptno) from emp; //統(tǒng)計(jì)部門編號(hào)前提是去掉重復(fù)的值 ////////////////////////聚組函數(shù)group by() ////////////////////////////////////// 54、select deptno, avg(sal) from emp group by deptno; //按照deptno分組,查看每個(gè)部門的平均工資 55、select max(sal) from emp group by deptno, job; //分組的時(shí)候,還可以按照多個(gè)字段進(jìn)行分組,兩個(gè)字段不相同的為一組 56、select ename from emp where sal = (select max(sal) from emp); //求出 57、select deptno, max(sal) from emp group by deptno; //搜素這個(gè)部門中薪水最高的的值 //////////////////////////////////////////////////having函數(shù)對(duì)于group by函數(shù)的過(guò)濾 不能用where////////////////////////////////////// 58、select deptno, avg(sal) from emp group by deptno having avg(sal) >2000; (order by )//求出每個(gè)部門的平均值,并且要 > 2000 59、select avg(sal) from emp where sal >1200 group by deptno having avg(sal) >1500 order by avg(sal) desc;//求出sal>1200的平均值按照deptno分組,平均值要>1500最后按照sal的倒序排列 60、select ename,sal from emp where sal > (select avg(sal) from emp); //求那些人的薪水是在平均薪水之上的。 61、select ename, sal from emp join (select max(sal) max_sal ,deptno from emp group by deptno) t on (emp.sal = t.max_sal and emp.deptno=t.deptno); //查詢每個(gè)部門中工資最高的那個(gè)人 ///////////////////////////////等值連接////////////////////////////////////// 62、select e1.ename, e2.ename from emp e1, emp e2 where e1.mgr = e2.empno; //自連接,把一張表當(dāng)成兩張表來(lái)用 63、select ename, dname from emp, dept; //92年語(yǔ)法 兩張表的連接 笛卡爾積。 64、select ename, dname from emp cross join dept; //99年語(yǔ)法 兩張表的連接用cross join 65、select ename, dname from emp, dept where emp.deptno = dept.deptno; // 92年語(yǔ)法 表連接 + 條件連接 66、select ename, dname from emp join dept on(emp.deptno = dept.deptno); // 新語(yǔ)法 67、select ename,dname from emp join dept using(deptno); //與66題的寫(xiě)法是一樣的,但是不推薦使用using : 假設(shè)條件太多 ///////////////////////////////////////非等值連接/////////////////////////////////////////// 68、select ename,grade from emp e join salgrade s on(e.sal between s.losal and s.hisal); //兩張表的連接 此種寫(xiě)法比用where更清晰 69、select ename, dname, grade from emp e join dept d on(e.deptno = d.deptno) join salgrade s on (e.sal between s.losal and s.hisal) where ename not like '_A%'; //三張表的連接 70、select e1.ename, e2.ename from emp e1 join emp e2 on(e1.mgr = e2.empno); //自連接第二種寫(xiě)法,同62 71、select e1.ename, e2.ename from emp e1 left join emp e2 on(e1.mgr = e2.empno); //左外連接 把左邊沒(méi)有滿足條件的數(shù)據(jù)也取出來(lái) 72、select ename, dname from emp e right join dept d on(e.deptno = d.deptno); //右外連接 73、select deptno, avg_sal, grade from (select deptno, avg(sal) avg_sal from emp group by deptno) t join salgrade s on (t.avg_sal between s.losal and s.hisal);//求每個(gè)部門平均薪水的等級(jí) 74、select ename from emp where empno in (select mgr from emp); // 在表中搜索那些人是經(jīng)理 75、select sal from emp where sal not in(select distinct e1.sal from emp e1 join emp e2 on(e1.sal < e2.sal)); // 面試題 不用組函數(shù)max()求薪水的最大值 76、select deptno, max_sal from (select avg(sal) max_sal,deptno from emp group by deptno) where max_sal = (select max(max_sal) from (select avg(sal) max_sal,deptno from emp group by deptno) );//求平均薪水最高的部門名稱和編號(hào)。 77、select t1.deptno, grade, avg_sal from (select deptno, grade, avg_sal from (select deptno, avg(sal) avg_sal from emp group by deptno) t join salgrade s on(t.avg_sal between s.losal and s.hisal) ) t1 join dept on (t1.deptno = dept.deptno) where t1.grade = ( select min(grade) from (select deptno, grade, avg_sal from (select deptno, avg(sal) avg_sal from emp group by deptno) t join salgrade s on(t.avg_sal between s.losal and s.hisal) ) )//求平均薪水等級(jí)最低的部門的名稱 哈哈 確實(shí)比較麻煩 78、create view v$_dept_avg_sal_info as select deptno, grade, avg_sal from (select deptno, avg(sal) avg_sal from emp group by deptno) t join salgrade s on(t.avg_sal between s.losal and s.hisal); //視圖的創(chuàng)建,一般以v$開(kāi)頭,但不是固定的 79、select t1.deptno, grade, avg_sal from v$_dept_avg_sal_info t1 join dept on (t1.deptno = dept.deptno) where t1.grade = ( select min(grade) from v$_dept_avg_sal_info t1 ) )//求平均薪水等級(jí)最低的部門的名稱 用視圖,能簡(jiǎn)單一些,相當(dāng)于Java中方法的封裝 80、---創(chuàng)建視圖出現(xiàn)權(quán)限不足時(shí)候的解決辦法: conn sys/admin as sysdba; 顯示:連接成功 Connected grant create table, create view to scott; 顯示: 授權(quán)成功 Grant succeeded 81、-------求比普通員工最高薪水還要高的經(jīng)理人的名稱 ------- select ename, sal from emp where empno in (select distinct mgr from emp where mgr is not null) and sal > ( select max(sal) from emp where empno not in (select distinct mgr from emp where mgr is not null) ) 82、---面試題:比較效率 select * from emp where deptno = 10 and ename like '%A%';//好,將過(guò)濾力度大的放在前面 select * from emp where ename like '%A% and deptno = 10; 83、-----表的備份 create table dept2 as select * from dept; 84、-----插入數(shù)據(jù) insert into dept2 values(50,'game','beijing'); ----只對(duì)某個(gè)字段插入數(shù)據(jù) insert into dept2(deptno,dname) values(60,'game2'); 85、-----將一個(gè)表中的數(shù)據(jù)完全插入另一個(gè)表中(表結(jié)構(gòu)必須一樣) insert into dept2 select * from dept; 86、-----求前五名員工的編號(hào)和名稱(使用虛字段rownum 只能使用 < 或 = 要使用 > 必須使用子查詢) select empno,ename from emp where rownum <= 5; 86、----求10名雇員以后的雇員名稱-------- select ename from (select rownum r,ename from emp) where r > 10; 87、----求薪水最高的前5個(gè)人的薪水和名字--------- select ename, sal from (select ename, sal from emp order by sal desc) where rownum <=5; 88、----求按薪水倒序排列后的第6名到第10名的員工的名字和薪水-------- select ename, sal from (select ename, sal, rownum r from (select ename, sal from emp order by sal desc) ) where r>=6 and r<=10 89、----------------創(chuàng)建新用戶--------------- 1、backup scott//備份 exp//導(dǎo)出 2、create user create user guohailong identified(認(rèn)證) by guohailong default tablespace users quota(配額) 10M on users grant create session(給它登錄到服務(wù)器的權(quán)限),create table, create view to guohailong 3、import data imp 90、-----------事務(wù)回退語(yǔ)句-------- rollback; 91、-----------事務(wù)確認(rèn)語(yǔ)句-------- commit;//此時(shí)再執(zhí)行rollback無(wú)效 92、當(dāng)正常斷開(kāi)連接的時(shí)候例如exit,事務(wù)自動(dòng)提交。 當(dāng)非正常斷開(kāi)連接,例如直接關(guān)閉dos窗口或關(guān)機(jī),事務(wù)自動(dòng)提交 93、有3個(gè)表S,C,SC S(SNO,SNAME)代表(學(xué)號(hào),姓名) C(CNO,CNAME,CTEACHER)代表(課號(hào),課名,教師) SC(SNO,CNO,SCGRADE)代表(學(xué)號(hào),課號(hào)成績(jī)) 問(wèn)題: 1,找出沒(méi)選過(guò)“黎明”老師的所有學(xué)生姓名。 2,列出2門以上(含2門)不及格學(xué)生姓名及平均成績(jī)。 3,即學(xué)過(guò)1號(hào)課程有學(xué)過(guò)2號(hào)課所有學(xué)生的姓名。 答案: 1、 select sname from s join sc on(s.sno = sc.sno) join c on (sc.cno = c.cno) where cteacher <> '黎明'; 2、 select sname where sno in (select sno from sc where scgrade < 60 group by sno having count(*) >=2); 3、 select sname from s where sno in (select sno, from sc where cno=1 and cno in (select distinct sno from sc where cno = 2); ) 94、--------------創(chuàng)建表-------------- create table stu ( id number(6), name varchar2(20) constraint stu_name_mm not null, sex number(1), age number(3), sdate date, grade number(2) default 1, class number(4), email varchar2(50) unique ); 95、--------------給name字段加入 非空 約束,并給約束一個(gè)名字,若不取,系統(tǒng)默認(rèn)取一個(gè)------------- create table stu ( id number(6), name varchar2(20) constraint stu_name_mm not null, sex number(1), age number(3), sdate date, grade number(2) default 1, class number(4), email varchar2(50) ); 96、--------------給nameemail字段加入 唯一 約束 兩個(gè) null值 不為重復(fù)------------- create table stu ( id number(6), name varchar2(20) constraint stu_name_mm not null, sex number(1), age number(3), sdate date, grade number(2) default 1, class number(4), email varchar2(50) unique ); 97、--------------兩個(gè)字段的組合不能重復(fù) 約束:表級(jí)約束------------- create table stu ( id number(6), name varchar2(20) constraint stu_name_mm not null, sex number(1), age number(3), sdate date, grade number(2) default 1, class number(4), email varchar2(50), constraint stu_name_email_uni unique(email, name) ); 98、--------------主鍵約束------------- create table stu ( id number(6), name varchar2(20) constraint stu_name_mm not null, sex number(1), age number(3), sdate date, grade number(2) default 1, class number(4), email varchar2(50), constraint stu_id_pk primary key (id), constraint stu_name_email_uni unique(email, name) ); ?99、--------------外鍵約束 被參考字段必須是主鍵 ------------- create table stu ( id number(6), name varchar2(20) constraint stu_name_mm not null, sex number(1), age number(3), sdate date, grade number(2) default 1, class number(4) references class(id), email varchar2(50), constraint stu_class_fk foreign key (class) references class(id), constraint stu_id_pk primary key (id), constraint stu_name_email_uni unique(email, name) ); create table class ( id number(4) primary key, name varchar2(20) not null ); 100、---------------修改表結(jié)構(gòu),添加字段------------------ alter table stu add(addr varchar2(29)); 101、---------------刪除字段-------------------------- alter table stu drop (addr); 102、---------------修改表字段的長(zhǎng)度------------------ alter table stu modify (addr varchar2(50));//更改后的長(zhǎng)度必須要能容納原先的數(shù)據(jù) 103、----------------刪除約束條件---------------- alter table stu drop constraint 約束名 104、-----------修改表結(jié)構(gòu)添加約束條件--------------- alter table stu add constraint stu_class_fk foreign key (class) references class (id); 105、---------------數(shù)據(jù)字典表---------------- desc dictionary; //數(shù)據(jù)字典表共有兩個(gè)字段 table_name comments //table_name主要存放數(shù)據(jù)字典表的名字 //comments主要是對(duì)這張數(shù)據(jù)字典表的描述 105、---------------查看當(dāng)前用戶下面所有的表、視圖、約束-----數(shù)據(jù)字典表user_tables--- select table_name from user_tables; select view_name from user_views; select constraint_name from user-constraints; 106、-------------索引------------------ create index idx_stu_email on stu (email);// 在stu這張表的email字段上建立一個(gè)索引:idx_stu_email 107、---------- 刪除索引 ------------------ drop index index_stu_email; 108、---------查看所有的索引---------------- select index_name from user_indexes; 109、---------創(chuàng)建視圖------------------- create view v$stu as selesct id,name,age from stu; 視圖的作用: 簡(jiǎn)化查詢 保護(hù)我們的一些私有數(shù)據(jù),通過(guò)視圖也可以用來(lái)更新數(shù)據(jù),但是我們一般不這么用 缺點(diǎn):要對(duì)視圖進(jìn)行維護(hù) 110、-----------創(chuàng)建序列------------ create sequence seq;//創(chuàng)建序列 select seq.nextval from dual;// 查看seq序列的下一個(gè)值 drop sequence seq;//刪除序列 111、------------數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的三范式-------------- (1)、要有主鍵,列不可分 (2)、不能存在部分依賴:當(dāng)有多個(gè)字段聯(lián)合起來(lái)作為主鍵的時(shí)候,不是主鍵的字段不能部分依賴于主鍵中的某個(gè)字段 (3)、不能存在傳遞依賴 ==============================================PL/SQL========================== 112、-------------------在客戶端輸出helloworld------------------------------- set serveroutput on;//默認(rèn)是off,設(shè)成on是讓Oracle可以在客戶端輸出數(shù)據(jù) 113、begin dbms_output.put_line('helloworld'); end; / 114、----------------pl/sql變量的賦值與輸出---- declare v_name varchar2(20);//聲明變量v_name變量的聲明以v_開(kāi)頭 begin v_name := 'myname'; dbms_output.put_line(v_name); end; / 115、-----------pl/sql對(duì)于異常的處理(除數(shù)為0)------------- declare v_num number := 0; begin v_num := 2/v_num; dbms_output.put_line(v_num); exception when others then dbms_output.put_line('error'); end; / 116、----------變量的聲明---------- binary_integer:整數(shù),主要用來(lái)計(jì)數(shù)而不是用來(lái)表示字段類型 比number效率高 number:數(shù)字類型 char:定長(zhǎng)字符串 varchar2:變長(zhǎng)字符串 date:日期 long:字符串,最長(zhǎng)2GB boolean:布爾類型,可以取值true,false,null//最好給一初值 117、----------變量的聲明,使用 '%type'屬性 declare v_empno number(4); v_empno2 emp.empno%type; v_empno3 v_empno2%type; begin dbms_output.put_line('Test'); end; / //使用%type屬性,可以使變量的聲明根據(jù)表字段的類型自動(dòng)變換,省去了維護(hù)的麻煩,而且%type屬性,可以用于變量身上 118、---------------Table變量類型(table表示的是一個(gè)數(shù)組)------------------- declare type type_table_emp_empno is table of emp.empno%type index by binary_integer; v_empnos type_table type_table_empno; begin v_empnos(0) := 7345; v_empnos(-1) :=9999; dbms_output.put_line(v_empnos(-1)); end; 119、-----------------Record變量類型 declare type type_record_dept is record ( deptno dept.deptno%type, dname dept.dname%type, loc dept.loc%type ); begin v_temp.deptno:=50; v_temp.dname:='aaaa'; v_temp.loc:='bj'; dbms_output.put_line(v temp.deptno || ' ' || v temp.dname); end; 120、-----------使用 %rowtype聲明record變量 declare v_temp dept%rowtype; begin v_temp.deptno:=50; v_temp.dname:='aaaa'; v_temp.loc:='bj'; dbms_output.put_line(v temp.deptno || '' || v temp.dname) end; 121、--------------sql%count 統(tǒng)計(jì)上一條sql語(yǔ)句更新的記錄條數(shù) 122、--------------sql語(yǔ)句的運(yùn)用 declare v_ename emp.ename%type; v_sal emp.sal%type; begin select ename,sal into v_ename,v_sal from emp where empno = 7369; dbms_output.put_line(v_ename || '' || v_sal); end; 123、 -------- pl/sql語(yǔ)句的應(yīng)用 declare v_emp emp%rowtype; begin select * into v_emp from emp where empno=7369; dbms_output_line(v_emp.ename); end; 124、-------------pl/sql語(yǔ)句的應(yīng)用 declare v_deptno dept.deptno%type := 50; v_dname dept.dname%type :='aaa'; v_loc dept.loc%type := 'bj'; begin insert into dept2 values(v_deptno,v_dname,v_loc); commit; end; 125、-----------------ddl語(yǔ)言,數(shù)據(jù)定義語(yǔ)言 begin execute immediate 'create table T (nnn varchar(30) default ''a'')'; end; 126、------------------if else的運(yùn)用 declare v_sal emp.sal%type; begin select sal into v_sal from emp where empno = 7369; if(v_sal < 2000) then dbms_output.put_line('low'); elsif(v_sal > 2000) then dbms_output.put_line('middle'); else dbms_output.put_line('height'); end if; end; 127、-------------------循環(huán) =====do while declare i binary_integer := 1; begin loop dbms_output.put_line(i); i := i + 1; exit when (i>=11); end loop; end; 128、---------------------while declare j binary_integer := 1; begin while j < 11 loop dbms_output.put_line(j); j:=j+1; end loop; end; 129、---------------------for begin for k in 1..10 loop dbms_output.put_line(k); end loop; for k in reverse 1..10 loop dbms_output.put_line(k); end loop; end; 130、-----------------------異常(1) declare v_temp number(4); begin select empno into v_temp from emp where empno = 10; exception when too_many_rows then dbms_output.put_line('太多記錄了'); when others then dbms_output.put_line('error'); end; 131、-----------------------異常(2) declare v_temp number(4); begin select empno into v_temp from emp where empno = 2222; exception when no_data_found then dbms_output.put_line('太多記錄了'); end; 132、----------------------創(chuàng)建序列 create sequence seq_errorlog_id start with 1 increment by 1; 133、-----------------------錯(cuò)誤處理(用表記錄:將系統(tǒng)日志存到數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)便于以后查看) 創(chuàng)建日志表: create table errorlog ( id number primary key, errcode number, errmsg varchar2(1024), errdate date ); declare v_deptno dept.deptno%type := 10; v_errcode number; v_errmsg varchar2(1024); begin delete from dept where deptno = v_deptno; commit; exception when others then rollback; v_errcode := SQLCODE; v_errmsg := SQLERRM; insert into errorlog values (seq_errorlog_id.nextval, v_errcode,v_errmsg, sysdate); commit; end; 133---------------------PL/SQL中的重點(diǎn)cursor(游標(biāo))和指針的概念差不多 declare cursor c is select * from emp; //此處的語(yǔ)句不會(huì)立刻執(zhí)行,而是當(dāng)下面的open c的時(shí)候,才會(huì)真正執(zhí)行 v_emp c%rowtype; begin open c; fetch c into v_emp; dbms_output.put_line(v_emp.ename); //這樣會(huì)只輸出一條數(shù)據(jù) 134將使用循環(huán)的方法輸出每一條記錄 close c; end; 134----------------------使用do while 循環(huán)遍歷游標(biāo)中的每一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù) declare cursor c is select * from emp; v_emp c%rowtype; begin open c; loop fetch c into v_emp; (1) exit when (c%notfound); //notfound是oracle中的關(guān)鍵字,作用是判斷是否還有下一條數(shù)據(jù) (2) dbms_output.put_line(v_emp.ename); //(1)(2)的順序不能顛倒,最后一條數(shù)據(jù),不會(huì)出錯(cuò),會(huì)把最后一條數(shù)據(jù),再次的打印一遍 end loop; close c; end; 135------------------------while循環(huán),遍歷游標(biāo) declare cursor c is select * from emp; v_emp emp%rowtype; begin open c; fetch c into v_emp; while(c%found) loop dbms_output.put_line(v_emp.ename); fetch c into v_emp; end loop; close c; end; 136--------------------------for 循環(huán),遍歷游標(biāo) declare cursor c is select * from emp; begin for v_emp in c loop dbms_output.put_line(v_emp.ename); end loop; end; 137---------------------------帶參數(shù)的游標(biāo) declare cursor c(v_deptno emp.deptno%type, v_job emp.job%type) is select ename, sal from emp where deptno=v_deptno and job=v_job; --v_temp c%rowtype;此處不用聲明變量類型 begin for v_temp in c(30, 'click') loop dbms_output.put_line(v_temp.ename); end loop; end; 138-----------------------------可更新的游標(biāo) declare cursor c //有點(diǎn)小錯(cuò)誤 is select * from emp2 for update; -v_temp c%rowtype; begin for v_temp in c loop if(v_temp.sal < 2000) then update emp2 set sal = sal * 2 where current of c; else if (v_temp.sal =5000) then delete from emp2 where current of c; end if; end loop; commit; end; 139-----------------------------------procedure存儲(chǔ)過(guò)程(帶有名字的程序塊) create or replace procedure p is--這兩句除了替代declare,下面的語(yǔ)句全部都一樣 cursor c is select * from emp2 for update; begin for v_emp in c loop if(v_emp.deptno = 10) then update emp2 set sal = sal +10 where current of c; else if(v_emp.deptno =20) then update emp2 set sal = sal + 20 where current of c; else update emp2 set sal = sal + 50 where current of c; end if; end loop; commit; end; 執(zhí)行存儲(chǔ)過(guò)程的兩種方法: (1)exec p;(p是存儲(chǔ)過(guò)程的名稱) (2) begin p; end; / 140-------------------------------帶參數(shù)的存儲(chǔ)過(guò)程 create or replace procedure p (v_a in number, v_b number, v_ret out number, v_temp in out number) is begin if(v_a > v_b) then v_ret := v_a; else v_ret := v_b; end if; v_temp := v_temp + 1; end; 141----------------------調(diào)用140 declare v_a number := 3; v_b number := 4; v_ret number; v_temp number := 5; begin p(v_a, v_b, v_ret, v_temp); dbms_output.put_line(v_ret); dbms_output.put_line(v_temp); end; 142------------------刪除存儲(chǔ)過(guò)程 drop procedure p; 143------------------------創(chuàng)建函數(shù)計(jì)算個(gè)人所得稅 create or replace function sal_tax (v_sal number) return number is begin if(v_sal < 2000) then return 0.10; elsif(v_sal <2750) then return 0.15; else return 0.20; end if; end; 144-----------------------------創(chuàng)建觸發(fā)器(trigger) 觸發(fā)器不能單獨(dú)的存在,必須依附在某一張表上 //創(chuàng)建觸發(fā)器的依附表 create table emp2_log ( ename varchar2(30) , eaction varchar2(20), etime date ); create or replace trigger trig after insert or delete or update on emp2 ---for each row 加上此句,每更新一行,觸發(fā)一次,不加入則值觸發(fā)一次 begin if inserting then insert into emp2_log values(USER, 'insert', sysdate); elsif updating then insert into emp2_log values(USER, 'update', sysdate); elsif deleting then insert into emp2_log values(USER, 'delete', sysdate); end if; end; 145-------------------------------通過(guò)觸發(fā)器更新數(shù)據(jù) create or replace trigger trig after update on dept for each row begin update emp set deptno =:NEW.deptno where deptno =: OLD.deptno; end; //////只編譯不顯示的解決辦法 set serveroutput on; 145-------------------------------通過(guò)創(chuàng)建存儲(chǔ)過(guò)程完成遞歸 create or replace procedure p(v_pid article.pid%type,v_level binary_integer) is cursor c is select * from article where pid = v_pid; v_preStr varchar2(1024) := ''; begin for i in 0..v_leave loop v_preStr := v_preStr || '****'; end loop; for v_article in c loop dbms_output.put_line(v_article.cont); if(v_article.isleaf = 0) then p(v_article.id); end if; end loop; end; 146-------------------------------查看當(dāng)前用戶下有哪些表--- 首先,用這個(gè)用戶登錄然后使用語(yǔ)句: select * from tab; 147-----------------------------用Oracle進(jìn)行分頁(yè)!-------------- 因?yàn)镺racle中的隱含字段rownum不支持'>'所以: select * from ( select rownum rn, t.* from ( select * from t_user where user_id <> 'root' ) t where rownum <6 ) where rn >3 148------------------------Oracle下面的清屏命令---------------- clear screen; 或者 cle scr; 149-----------將創(chuàng)建好的guohailong的這個(gè)用戶的密碼改為abc-------------- alter user guohailong identified by abc 當(dāng)密碼使用的是數(shù)字的時(shí)候可能會(huì)不行 |
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