三、主動(dòng)語態(tài)與被動(dòng)語態(tài)的互變

主動(dòng)”變“被動(dòng)”實(shí)行“三變二不變”原則?！叭儭奔词侵髡Z，謂語和賓語的變化，“二不變”即時(shí)態(tài)不變，句式不變。例如：

They make watches in the town.-------Watches are made by them in the town.

I can finish the work before eight.----------The work can be finished（by me）before eight.

Do they grow rice in South China?-------------Is rice grown in South China?

1、主動(dòng)句變被動(dòng)句第一步：要看時(shí)態(tài)，時(shí)態(tài)必須保持一致。第二步：把主動(dòng)句的賓語改為被動(dòng)句的主語，謂語動(dòng)詞由主動(dòng)形式改為被動(dòng)形式，主動(dòng)句的主語成為介詞by的賓語，放在句尾。

For example:

People keep sheep for producing wool.

Sheep ______ _______for producing wool ______people.

2、主動(dòng)句改為被動(dòng)句，要注意謂語動(dòng)詞由主動(dòng)形式變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)形式時(shí)的各種變化，具體有以下幾種變化：

一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：am/is/are + 過去分詞

一般過去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：was/were + 過去分詞

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：have/has +been + 過去分詞

情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)  ：can/may/must/．．．+be + 過去分詞

一般將來時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：will/shall +be + 過去分詞

現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：am/is/are +being + 過去分詞

過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：was/were +being+ 過去分詞

過去完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：had + been+ 過去分詞

For example：

（1）Li Lei mended the bike。（改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)）------------The bike ___ ____ by Li Lei.

（2）We should plant trees in spring．（2005年四川考題）---------Trees should ____ ______in spring．

3、含有雙賓語的主動(dòng)句改為被動(dòng)句時(shí)，一般把間接賓語改為被動(dòng)句的主語，或者把直接賓語改為被動(dòng)句的主語，在be done 后需加to或for。

注意：

（1）把直接賓語改為被動(dòng)句的主語，間接賓語前加介詞to的動(dòng)詞有：

send ，pass ，write ，give ，show ，bring ，lend ，sell ，hand ，tell等。

（2）間接賓語前加介詞for的動(dòng)詞有：

Buy ，cook ，make ，order ，choose ，get ，draw等。

For example：

My mother bought me a beautiful skirt yesterday．

  I ____ ______ a beautiful skirt by my mother yesterday．

  A beautiful skirt ____bought ______ me by my mother yesterday．

4、在被動(dòng)句中，感官動(dòng)詞（see，hear，watch, feel , look at , listen to等），使役動(dòng)詞（let，make，have等）后作賓語補(bǔ)足語的不定式前不加to，但在被動(dòng)句中做主語補(bǔ)足語的不定式前必須加上to。

For example：

Jim heard his friend sing a song an hour ago。--------His friend ____ ____ _____sing a song by Jim。

I saw him take your umbrella.----------------He was seen to take your umbrella.

四、直接引語變間接引語

在做直接引語變間接引語時(shí)必須掌握它的一些規(guī)律，下面來歸納一下：

1、變化人稱的一般規(guī)律：

（1）直接引語中的第一人稱變間接引語時(shí)，其人稱與主句的主語一致。

（2）直接引語中的第二人稱變間接引語時(shí)，其人稱與主句的賓語一致。

（3）直接引語中的第三人稱變間接引語時(shí)，其人稱不變。

For example：

An English teacher asked his students，“Are you interested in my lessons？”

An English teacher asked his students if they were interested in his lessons。

2、注意時(shí)態(tài)的變化。一般規(guī)律是間接引語的時(shí)態(tài)相應(yīng)向前推一個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)。

直  接  引  語            間  接  引  語

一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)                一般過去時(shí)

一般過去時(shí)                過去完成時(shí)

現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)                過去進(jìn)行時(shí)

一般將來時(shí)                過去將來時(shí)

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)                過去完成時(shí)

過去完成時(shí)                過去完成時(shí)

For example：

The teacher said angrily，“Where have you been all these days？”

The teacher asked me angrily where I had been all those days。

3、指示代詞的變化。

直接引語中的this變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)應(yīng)改為that,復(fù)數(shù)these改為those.  

For example:

  Tim said to me,“This is the School Computer Center.．”

  Tim said to me ____ ______ was the School Computer Center.

分析：句中出現(xiàn)了兩個(gè)that.第一個(gè)that是連接詞,第二個(gè)that是指示代詞。由直接引語中的this而變的。故正確答案為：that; that.

4、.時(shí)間狀語的變化

直  接  引  語                                間  接  引  語

now 現(xiàn)在                                     then 那時(shí)

today 今天                                    that day 那天

this evening 今晚                               that evening 那天晚上

yesterday 昨天                                 the day before 前一天

yesterday morning 昨天上午                      the morning before 前一天上午

last night 昨天晚上                             the night before 前一天晚上

two days ago 兩天前                            two days before 兩天前

next week 下周                                 the next week/the following week 第二周

tomorrow 明天                                 the next day/the following day 第二天

the day before yesterday 前天                     two days before  兩天前

the day after tomorrow 后天                       in two days` time/two days after 兩天后

For example:

Jane asked me,“Have you got anything on this evening?”（變間接引語）

Jane asked me _if/whether_ I _had got_ anything on _that evening_．

5、直接引語變間接引語的引導(dǎo)詞與由簡單句變?yōu)橘e語從句一樣。有三種情況：

that引導(dǎo)陳述句；一般疑問句或反意疑問句用if或whether;特殊疑問句用特殊疑問詞來引導(dǎo)。這三種句型的語序都是用陳述語序。

6、直接引語是祈使句，改為間接引語時(shí)成為不定式短語，而且謂語動(dòng)詞通常用：

ask/order等“祈求，命令”的動(dòng)詞。

For example:

   Her mother said to her,“Finish your homework before watching TV.”

   Her mother asked her  to  finish  her  homework before watching TV.

注意：：直接引語在下列三種情況時(shí)，即使主句是過去時(shí)，變間接引語時(shí)時(shí)態(tài)仍不變。

a. 表示客觀真理的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，如:

The physics teacher said,“Light travels much faster than sound.”

The physics teacher said ____ light ___ much faster than sound.

解析：直接引語表示的是客觀真理，變間接引語時(shí)時(shí)態(tài)不變，仍然用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，因此第二空填travels;第一空要用that來引導(dǎo)。故填：that.

b. 表示客觀事實(shí)或經(jīng)常發(fā)生的，習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作時(shí)時(shí)態(tài)不變，如：

Mike said,“My aunt is a worker．”

Mike said that ____ aunt ____ a worker.

解析：第一空根據(jù)語境，把my改為his；第二空填is不變。

c. 直接引語是過去完成時(shí)，過去進(jìn)行時(shí)，變間接引語時(shí)時(shí)態(tài)不變，如：

She said,“I had finished working before supper.”

She said that she ____ ______working before supper.

解析：根據(jù)直接引語中的時(shí)態(tài)是過去完成時(shí)，變間接引語時(shí)不變，所以仍填had ;finished.

五、單數(shù)句子變復(fù)數(shù)句子

1．單數(shù)句子變復(fù)數(shù)句子就是把句在中的名詞或代詞變成復(fù)數(shù)形式。如果主語變成了復(fù)數(shù)，相應(yīng)地謂語動(dòng)詞也要注意其變化。如：

   This is an English book.（變復(fù)數(shù)句子）

    ___ ___ ___ English _____．

解析：主語this應(yīng)變?yōu)?/SPAN>these。因此謂語動(dòng)詞由單數(shù)is變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)are; an變?yōu)?/SPAN>some用在肯定句中。名詞book由單數(shù)變?yōu)?/SPAN>books復(fù)數(shù)形式。

2. 在單數(shù)句子中，有表示性別的名詞修飾名詞時(shí)，變復(fù)數(shù)句子時(shí)兩個(gè)名詞同時(shí)變復(fù)數(shù)，不是表示性別的名詞修飾時(shí)只變后面的名詞為復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：

There is a woman teacher in the office.

There are some ______  ______ in the office.

解析：根據(jù)句意得知woman在此修飾名詞teacher,是表示性別的名詞，因此兩個(gè)名詞同時(shí)變復(fù)數(shù)形式。故填：women; teacher.

六、對(duì)劃線部分提問

    該類型的題目主要是考查學(xué)生對(duì)疑問句的結(jié)構(gòu)，語序以及某些特定疑問句類型的掌握情況。解答這類題目，正確選擇疑問詞是關(guān)鍵。在中考中常見的提問句式有以下幾種情況：

1、對(duì)主語或表語的人提問時(shí)用who．．．  語序分兩種情況：

（1）對(duì)主語提問時(shí)，語序?yàn)殛愂稣Z序。即：Who+謂語動(dòng)詞+．．．？

（2）對(duì)表語提問時(shí)，語序?yàn)橐话阋蓡柧湔Z序。即：Who+系動(dòng)詞+主語+．．．？

For example:

Tim looks like _his father. --------------____ _____ Tim _____ like?（正確答案為：Who; does ;look）

2、對(duì)賓語人提問用whom，口語中可用who來代替。

For example:

We should learn from Comrade Leifeng.--------_____ _____ ____ Learn from? （Whom/who ; should ;you）

3、對(duì)物主代詞或名詞所有格提問，用特殊疑問詞whose．  

 For example:

The teacher is my brother’s friend. --------_____ _____ is the teacher?  （正確答案為：Whose; friend）

解析：在本題中名詞friend前是一個(gè)名詞所有格，對(duì)此提問應(yīng)用whose. 句式結(jié)構(gòu)為：

Whose+名詞+一般疑問句語序？

4、對(duì)地點(diǎn)提問用where.

 For example:

The little boys played football on the playground yesterday.（2005年濟(jì)南考題）

_____ ______The little boys _______ football yesterday?  （正確答案為：Where ;did ;play）

5、對(duì)定語進(jìn)行提用which。句型結(jié)構(gòu)公式為：Which +名詞+一般疑問句語序？

For example:

The girl who is reading English under the tree is my sister.

   _____ ______ is your sister?  （正確答案為：Which; girl.）

6、對(duì)時(shí)間提問when/what time。

When是對(duì)不具體時(shí)間提問；

what time是對(duì)具體時(shí)間（點(diǎn)鐘）提問；有時(shí)對(duì)具體時(shí)間提問也可用when.    

For example:

(1) I arrived in Beijing last week.（對(duì)劃線部分提問）

      _____ _______You arrive in Beijing?  （正確答案為：When; did.）

 (2) We usually get up at half past five in the morning.(對(duì)劃線部分提問)

      ____ ____ _____You usually get up in the morning?  （正確答案為：What time ;do.）

7、對(duì)星期名稱提問用what day。句型結(jié)構(gòu)為：What day +一般疑問句語序？  

For example:

   It was Monday yesterday.(對(duì)劃線部分提問)----------_____ _____Was it yesterday?  （答案為：What day）

9、對(duì)顏色提問用特殊疑問詞what color，結(jié)構(gòu)公式為：what color +一般疑問句語序？  

For example:

She likes red clothes.(對(duì)劃線部分提問) ------____ _____ _____She ____clothes? （What , color, does, like.）

10、對(duì)數(shù)量提問有兩個(gè)特殊疑問詞：how many，how much; 

how many是對(duì)可數(shù)名詞前的數(shù)量進(jìn)行提問；

how much是對(duì)不可數(shù)名詞前的數(shù)量進(jìn)行提問。除此之外how much還對(duì)價(jià)錢進(jìn)行提問。

結(jié)構(gòu)公式：

（1）How many +可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) + 一般疑問句語序？

（2）How much +不可數(shù)名詞 +一般疑問句語序？

（3）How much +一般疑問句語序？（對(duì)價(jià)錢提問）

For example:

1．There are forty workers in the factory.（對(duì)劃線部分提問）

      ____ _____workers are there in the factory?

2. The computer is 4980  yuan.

 .  ____ _____ is the computer?

3.There is some water in the bottle.

    ______ ______ _______ Is there in the bottle?

11、對(duì)方式，程度，身體狀況的詞提問用特殊疑問詞how 。

 結(jié)構(gòu)公式為：How + 助動(dòng)詞 +主語 +謂語動(dòng)詞原形？

For example:   

They went to the Summer Palace by bus two days ago.

   ________ _______they ______ to the Summer Palace?

12、對(duì)時(shí)間段提問用how long.（多久）如：for +時(shí)間段 ；since +句子 ；since + 表示點(diǎn)的時(shí)間

For example:

I have taught in a Middle School since I came here.

______ ______ ______ I taught in a Middle School?

13、對(duì)將來的時(shí)間提問用how soon（過多久）如：in+時(shí)間段

   We will finish work in four days.    

   ______ _______will you finish work?

14、對(duì)頻率副詞或短語及單位時(shí)間內(nèi)的次數(shù)提問用how often (多久一次)  

For example:

   Henry went to visit his grandma every six days.

   ______ _______did Henry go to visit his grandma?

15、對(duì)重量，距離，長，寬等提問用how.句型為：How + 形容詞（heavy/far/long/wide….）

   For example:

 It’s about ten minutes’ walk from my home to school.

   ______ _______ is it from your home to school?  （答案為：How far）

16、對(duì)because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句提問用why（為什么） 

For example:

   Mrs. Read didn’t sleep well last night because the wind made too much noise.

   _______ ________ Mrs. Read _______ well last night?

句型轉(zhuǎn)換練習(xí)：

1. Are you tired today? My mother asked me.(變?yōu)殚g接引語）

My mother asked me _____ I  ______ tired ____ _____.

2. Are you going to watch the football match next Sunday?” Father asked me.（同1）

Father asked me ______ ______ _______ going to watch the football match the next Sunday.

3. Linda asked John, “Where did you buy this new bicycle?”（同1）

Linda asked John where ______ _____ ______that new bicycle.

4.You should speak to the old people politely.（變被動(dòng)語態(tài)）

The old people should ______ _____ to politely.

5. Who ate my bread? （同4）            

 By whom ______ my bread _______?

6.Miss King saw Bill helping a blind man cross the street yesterday afternoon.（同4

Yesterday afternoon Bill ____ ____ ____ a blind man cross the street _____ _____ _____.

7.There is a woman dress on the bed in Kate’s bedroom.（改為復(fù)數(shù)句子）

 There ____ _____ _____ _____on the bed in Kate’s bedroom.

8.They are empty boxes.（改為單數(shù)句子）

  _____ ______ empty _______.  

9.Not only Jack but also Mike has been to that island.（改為同義句）

  _____Jack _______ Mike ______ been to that island.

10.My cousin didn’t draw as well as Mike.（同9）

  My cousin _____ ______than Mike.

11.It`s time for dinner.（同9）           

  It’s time _____ ______ dinner.

12.The river is 10 meters wide.（對(duì)劃線部分提問）

   _____ ____ is the river?

13.Henry has stayed there for three years.（同12）     

   _____ ______ has Henry stayed there ?

14.Our school is one kilometer away from the market.（同12）

  _____ ______ is your school from the market?

15.My father often goes to work by bus.（同12）

  ______ _______ _______ your father ______ to work by bus?

答案評(píng)析：

1.if/whether; was; that day.本題考查直接引語是一般疑問句時(shí)變間接引語的引導(dǎo)詞為        if/whether;時(shí)態(tài)做相應(yīng)的變化，即一般過去時(shí)。時(shí)間狀語today變?yōu)?/SPAN>that day.

2.if/whether; I; was.本題考查的是一般疑問句的直接引語變間接引語，時(shí)態(tài)由一般將來時(shí)變?yōu)檫^去將來時(shí)；第二人稱的you 要和主句中的賓語一致，為I。

3.he; had; bought.根據(jù)直接引語變間接引語時(shí)態(tài)的變化規(guī)律，得知：間接引語中應(yīng)用過去完成時(shí)。

4.be ; spoken.根據(jù)含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)句變被動(dòng)句的變化規(guī)則。答案為：be; spoken

5.was; eaten.根據(jù)變被動(dòng)語態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)公式，很明顯答案為：was; eaten.

6.was;seen;helping;by;Miss;King.方法同5題。當(dāng)主動(dòng)句中的主語做被動(dòng)句的賓語時(shí)，其前用介詞by。

7.are;some;women;dresses.本題考查單數(shù)句子變復(fù)數(shù)句子時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞，名詞，代詞，及不定冠詞都要做相應(yīng)的變化。不定冠詞a,/an通常變?yōu)?/SPAN>some/any. some用在肯定句中，而any用在否定句中。帶有性別的名詞修飾名詞時(shí)同時(shí)變復(fù)數(shù)形式。

8.It’s; an; box.在做由復(fù)數(shù)句子變單數(shù)句子特別要注意的是：some/any是變成a;還是an,關(guān)鍵看名詞的第一個(gè)音素是輔音還是元音。a用在輔音音素前；而an用在元音音素前。

9.Both;and;have.根據(jù)句意我們知道本題表示的兩者都．．．顯然用both．．．and．．．。謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。

10.drew; worse. 根據(jù)題意“我的表弟不如邁克畫的好”這意味著“他比邁克畫的差”考查比較級(jí)的用法。

11.to; have.本題考查句型間的相互轉(zhuǎn)換。It’s time for +名詞（短語）=It’s time to +動(dòng)詞原形。

12.How; wide.本題考查對(duì)寬度提問。答案為：How; wide.

13.本題考查對(duì)“for +時(shí)間段”的提問。故答案為：How; long.

14.此題考查對(duì)距離的提問。其正確答案為：How; far.

15.考查對(duì)頻度副詞“often”的提問。答案為：How; often.