|
1、What is language for? some people seem to think it’s for practicing grammar rules and learning lists of words——the longer the words the better. that’s wrong. language is for the exchange of ideas, for communication.
（語言到底是用來干什么的呢？一些人認為它是用來操練語法規(guī)則和學習一大堆單詞——而且單詞越長越好。這個想法是錯誤的。語言是用來交換思想，進行交流溝通的?。?/FONT>
2、The way to learn a language is to practice speaking it as often as possible.
（學習一門語言的方法就是要盡量多地練習說。）
3、A great man once said it is necessary to dill as much as possible, and the more you apply it in real situations, the more natural it will become.
（一位偉人曾說，反復操練是非常必要的，你越多地將所學到的東西運用到實際生活中，他們就變得越自然。）
4、Learning any language takes a lot of effort. but don't give up.
（學習任何語言都是需要花費很多努力，但不要放棄。）
5、Relax! be patient and enjoy yourself. learning foreign languages should be fun.
（放松點！要有耐性，并讓自己快樂！學習外語應該是樂趣無窮的。）
6、Rome wasn’t built in a day. work harder and practice more. your hardworking will be rewarded by god one day. god is equal to everyone!
（冰凍三尺，非一日之寒。更加努力地學習，更加勤奮地操練，你所付出的一切將會得到上帝的報答，上帝是公平的。）
7、Use a dictionary and grammar guide constantly. keep a small english dictionary with you at all time. when you see a new word, look it up. think about the word——use it, in your mind, in a sentence.
（經(jīng)常使用字典和語法指南。隨身攜帶一本小英文字典，當你看到一個新字時就去查閱它，想想這個字——然后去用它，在你的心中，在一個句子里。）
8、Try to think in english whenever possible. when you see something, think of the english word of it; then think about the word in a sentence.
（一有機會就努力去用英文來思考?？吹侥呈聲r，想想它的英文單詞；然后把它用到一個句子中去。）
9、Practice tenses as much as possible. when you learn a new verb, learn its various forms.
（盡可能多地操練時態(tài)。學習一個動詞的時候，要學習它的各種形態(tài)。）
10。I would also like to learn more about the culture behind the language. when you understand the cultural background, you can better use the language.
（我想學習和了解更多關于語言背后的文化知識，當你理解了文化背景，你就能更好地運用語言。）
1. We'd better develop our interest in English at the beginning of our study. To develop interest in English study is not very hard. We may have the feeling of satisfaction and achievement from our English study when we are able to say something simple in English, talk with others or foreigners in English and act as others' interpreters.
在英語學習之初,我們應該注重培養(yǎng)對英語學習的興趣.培養(yǎng)對英語的興趣并不難.當我們可以說點兒簡單的英語,用英語與別人或與老外交談,或作別人的翻譯時,我們就可以從英語學習中得到滿足感和成就感,這樣,興趣就培養(yǎng)起來了.請注意,這種滿足感和成就感很重要!
2. Plans are always very essential, so we must make some elaborate and workable plans before study. And we should certainly carry out these plans to the letter.
制定英語學習計劃太重要了,所以我們必須在學習前制定精細的和可操作的計劃. 并且我們一定要嚴格執(zhí)行這些計劃.請注意:千萬不要干沒有計劃的傻事,那等于在浪費生命.
3. Notes should be made whenever we study any book. We may follow this advice: Don't read book without making notes. As we know that notes are the summarization, the core content, our understanding and the abbreviations of the books. Our notes are much thinner than the books so that we can learn them by heart easier and can often review and read them. We may also record our notes on tapes so as to often listen to them easier, to deepen our impression and to lighten our burden of memory. Sometimes it is needful to draw some tables and illustrations that are very impressive, visual and concise.
無論學習什么,我們都要作筆記.我們可以參照下面的忠告:不作筆記就不要讀書.如您所知,筆記是我們對所學課本的總結,中心內容,我們的理解和課本的縮略.筆記要比課本薄的多,我們可以較容易的記憶和經(jīng)常復習他們.更勝一疇的做法是把筆記錄成音,這樣我們可以經(jīng)常聽一聽來加深印象和減輕記憶負擔.
4. Watching English movies, English TV programs, listening to English songs and learn English on some special occasions are also excellent and vivid English learning ways as we may combine English with some certain scenes to deepen our memory.
看英文電影,收看英語電視節(jié)目,聽英文歌曲和在某些特定場景學習英語也是很棒和很生動的英語學習方式,因為這樣我們可以把所學英語與某些特定的場景聯(lián)系起來以加深記憶.
5. Never just memorize single English words. Learn by heart the whole sentences and the phrases that contain the new words so we may know how to use the words.
請不要孤立地背英語單詞.請背記包含生詞的句子或詞組,這樣我們才真正能運用這些詞匯,而且印象更深.
6. If time permits, we may read Mini Chinese-English dictionary carefully from cover to cover, which may help us widen our sight and master knowledge in all aspects.
如果時間允許,通讀小小漢英字典對于英語學習也幫助很大.他能幫助我們擴大視野并全方位地掌握所學知識.
7. Excellent personality is one of the decisive factors in English study. Persistence, patience, self-confidence and determination are badly needed.
優(yōu)秀的性格也是英語學習的關鍵因素之一,堅持,忍耐,自信和堅定都是很重要的.當然如果興趣培養(yǎng)得好, 可適當削弱這方面的要求.
Part 2 Detailed methods(第2部分 具體方法)
1. Oral English:(口語學習)
A. We study spoken English so as to make oral communications, so this order of importance of oral English study should be followed: Fluency, Accuracy, and Appropriateness. That is to say, we have to pay more attention to practical communicating ability instead of only laying emphasis on the grammatical correctness.
我們學習口語目的是為了與別人進行交流,所以英語口語中的幾個要素的重要次序應為:流利-準確-恰當.
B. Try to find some partners practicing oral English together and English corner is a good place as where we may exchange English study experience, widen our sight and improve interest in English.
努力尋找學伴一起練習口語.英語角是個不錯的地方,在那我們不但可以練習口語,還可以交流英語學習經(jīng)驗,開拓視野,提高英語學習興趣.
C. If English partners are not easy to get, then we have to create an English environment ourselves by speaking English to ourselves.
如果找不到學伴或參加英語角的機會很少,那么就需要通過自己對自己將英語來創(chuàng)造英語環(huán)境.比如對自己描述所看到的景物,英語口述自己正在作的事情.
D. This method is very effective and easy to insist on--interpreting Chinese-English novels or books. First we read the Chinese parts and then try to interpret them into English and then compare our interpretation with the original versions in the novels or books so that we can find out the mistakes, shortcomings and progresses in our interpretation.
這種方法非常有效且很容易堅持---口譯漢英對照(或英漢對照)的小說或其它讀物.首先我們先讀漢語部分,然后逐句直接口譯成英文,完成一小段后,去看書上的對應英文部分并與我們的口譯進行比較,我們馬上可以發(fā)現(xiàn)我們口譯的錯誤,缺點和進步.
請注意:開始要選擇較簡單的讀物.
這樣作的好處:
1. 自己就可以練習口語,想練多久,就練多久.
2. 始終有一位高級教師指出您的不足和錯誤---英文原文.
3. 題材范圍極廣,可以突破我們自己的思維禁錮,比如我們總是喜歡談論我們自己熟悉的話題,所以我們總是在練習相同的語言,進步當然就緩慢了.
4. 選擇小說,幽默故事或好的短文閱讀,使我們有足夠的興趣堅持下去.
5. 有一些我們在直接學習英語課文時被我們熟視無睹的地道的英語用法會被此法發(fā)掘出來.
6. 對所學知識和所犯錯誤印象深刻.這等于我們一直在作漢譯英練習,很多英文譯文是我們費盡心思憋出來的,所以印象相當深刻.比直接學習英文課文印象要深的多.
E. Interpreting what you hear---Changing Roles: Three people make a group: one speaks Chinese, one speaks English acting as the foreigner, one acts as interpreter. Then change roles. This is a good interpreting training method and is good for studying from one another. In addition, it may improve the responding ability and speed of students. The advanced stage of this method is simultaneous interpretation.
聽譯法-角色互換:三人一組,模擬翻譯實戰(zhàn).一人將漢語,一人將英語,扮演老外,一人作翻譯.練習一段時間后互換角色.這是一種非常好的翻譯訓練方法,也是很好的相互學習,取長補短的方法.而且可大大提高反應速度和能力.此法的高級階段為同聲傳譯,我們可以在聽廣播或看電視或開會時,把所聽內容口譯英文.
F. Oral composition and 3-minute training method: This method is suitable for intense training. Making an oral composition about a certain topic for one minute the first time and record the composition on tape at the same time. Then listen to the composition and find out the room for improvement. Then make the same composition for two minutes for the second time and also record it. And at last repeat the above-mentioned for three minutes.
口語作文和3分鐘訓練法:此法適用于強化訓練.找好一個題目作一分鐘的口語作文,同時將其錄音.聽錄音,找出不足和錯誤,就此題目再作兩分鐘的的口語作文,同樣錄音,再聽并找出不足與進步,繼續(xù)作三分鐘口語作文.這是高級口語訓練,效果不俗.
G. Retelling exercise: Retell some articles or English stories in our own words.
復述練習:用自己的話口語復述我們所聽的英語故事或文章.
H. If possible, we may read some English tongue twisters loudly and quickly with one or two cakes of candy in our mouth (just as the Chinese cross-talk actors do.) to train our oral cavity muscle and tongues suitable for English pronunciation.
如果可能我們也可以大聲且快速朗讀英文繞口令(就象相聲演員練嘴),還可以同時口中含塊糖以加大強化訓練的力度.這樣來強我們的口腔肌肉迅速適應英文發(fā)音,使我們的口語相當流利,清晰,而且還有自信.例如:
☆A big black bug bit the back of a big black bear. The big black bear bit back the big black bug.
☆This fish has a thin fin; That fish has a fat fin;
This fish is a fish that has a thinner fin than that fish.
I. Paying more attention to phrases and small words as one major shortcoming of Chinese English (especially Chinese oral English) is that Chinese students tend to use big words in their oral language, but the idiomatic oral English is abundant with short, active and vivid phrases. And most of such phrases are made of small words.
特別注意短語(詞組)和小詞的運用,中國式的英語尤其是口語一個很大的缺點就是中國學生喜歡用大詞,而真正地道的英語口語確是充滿著短小,活潑,生動的短語,富有生氣.而這些短語大部分有小詞構成.
J. Oral English has its own features, but it is closely combined with other aspects of English, for example, writing may make oral English precise and accurate.
口語隨自有特色,但與英語的其它方面緊密相連.比如,經(jīng)常練習寫作,可是口語精密,準確.
2. Listening comprehension:(聽力)
A. We may improve our aural ability by speaking English in the native and idiomatic way. The pronunciation, intonation and sentence structure should not be in Chinese style.
可以通過講地道的口語來提高聽力.發(fā)音,語調和句子結構請不要中國化.既然能說出來,當然能聽懂.當然這樣作有點難.
B. Keeping a relaxed, natural and steady mood when listening to some materials. Namely, to establish self-confidence and to develop excellent psychological quality are essential in the improvement of aural ability.
在作聽力練習時,力求保持放松,自然和穩(wěn)定的心態(tài).即建立自信心和培養(yǎng)良好的心理素質在聽力提高中致關重要.
C. We may make some simple notes while listening, for examples, the names of people and places, time, age, distance, occupation, figures and so on to get a better understanding of the content.
在作聽力練習時,我們可以作些簡單的筆記,例如人名,地名,時間,年齡,職業(yè),數(shù)字等以便更好地理解材料.當然還要以聽為主.
D. Catching the drift of the content instead of understanding every word and never waste too much time on single words.
作聽力練習要重材料大意, 而不要力求聽懂每個詞,不要在單個詞上浪費太多時間.
E. Pay close attention to CONCESSION and TRANSITION so as to correctly understand the attitudes of the speakers. The following words are most important: even though, even so, in spite of, unless, although, no matter, however, whatever, no, nor, neither…nor, but….
密切注意聽力材料中的讓步與轉折以便正確把握說話人的態(tài)度.特別關注這些詞: even though, even so, in spite of, unless, although, no matter, however, whatever, no, nor, neither…nor, but….
F. If we may learn by heart new words by listening some word tapes, the results must be satisfactory.
在背記生詞時,如果能聽詞匯磁帶,那么對聽力提高也很有好處.
3.Reading skills:(閱讀)
a. Intensive Reading: When we read the intensive articles, we should make notes of the new words and phrases and good sentences. After reading them, we may ask ourselves some questions about them by using such words: Who, What, Why, When and Where. Then try to answer them in our own words.
精讀:在精讀課文時,我們要把生詞,詞組,句型做成筆記.讀后要試著用這些疑問詞提問自己:誰,什么,何時,何地且努力用自己的話來回答.
b. Extensive reading: We must train our ability to scan, skip and read fast. Namely, the ability to catch the key words, the topic sentences and the drift of the articles.
泛讀:要培養(yǎng)瀏覽,跳讀和快讀的能力.即抓住關鍵詞,主題句和中心大意的能力.
c. Reading speed: Three ways to improve our reading speed: 1) Reading the articles from the beginning to the end without intervals so to catch the rough idea of the articles on the whole. Never waste too much time on some new words and single sentences. 2）We may keep time when reading articles.3) When reading articles, we can point at the words with our finger or pen point and our eyes move with the finger quickly so that we are able to read very fast.
閱讀速度:三種方法提高我們的閱讀速度:1.先從頭至尾不間斷地通讀課文以抓住課文大意.不要在單個詞或單句上浪費太多時間.2. 閱讀時計時.3.閱讀時用手指或筆尖指向文章字句并快速移動來迫使我們的眼睛快速隨手指或筆尖移動來強化我們的閱讀速度.
d. Newspaper as good reading materials can widen our sight and richen our knowledge.
多讀報,多受益:開闊視野,豐富知識,學習流行詞語和英語最新發(fā)展.
4.Writing skills.( 寫作)
a. We have to accumulate abundant materials before we write something, say, learning by heart crowds of articles.
寫作需要有很多素材,積累素材很重要.要多背課文.
b. Try to express one meaning in various ways.
努力用多種方式表達一種意思.
c. Keeping English diary if possible.
寫英語日記.
a) Prepare some new words, expressions and good sentences to be used before writing something.
在寫作前準備一些要用的好詞匯,好句子.
b) We may also make some English pen pals to establish English communication relationship through some media like newspaper and magazines.
結交英語筆友,寫英文信.這種方法容易堅持,還很有意思.不仿一試,好處多多
有一塊寓學于嘻的天地往往為英語自學者所忽視。 這塊天地就是發(fā)表在英語刊物邊邊角角里的英語 繞口令、謎語和幽默。任何語言大致都有三個層 次：語音、詞匯和語法。狹義而言，學習語言實 際上就是要掌握語言的這三個層次。而英語繞口令。謎語和幽默對于英語的每個層次都有涉及， 堪稱英語自學者的良師益友。
許多同學在學習英語語音的時候，往往受方言的影響，發(fā)不準這個或那個音素。要糾正這些發(fā)得 不準的音，練習繞口令無疑是一種有趣并且有效的方法。 Eg. She sels seashells on the seashore. Eg. Six silly sleepers slept softly on silk sheets. 繞口令是可以自編的，從詞典中找出一些含有同音素的詞來構成一句有趣的句子即成。
有些英語謎語也有助于我們掌握語音。 Eg. What twoletters mean nothing? 答案是MT。MT的發(fā)音是[emti:]，酷似empty的發(fā)音。這則謎語不僅幫助我們學會并且記牢empty 的發(fā)音，也可以加深我們對于失去爆破現(xiàn)象的理解。
能夠說明詞匯問題的謎語，幽默可謂俯抬皆是，給我們提供的幫助也是多方面的。
1．拼寫： What is the smallest room in the world? 答案是a mushroom。這則謎語幫助我們記住 mushroom（蘑菇）的拼寫，因為這單詞有一部分是room。
A: Which seven-lettered word has three "u"s in it? B: I don't know. But it must be unusual. B沒猜著卻說對了。這種戲劇性的幽默會使我們記住unusual的拼寫中有三個"u"。
2．同音異形詞： Peter：Tom，why do you prefer a pear to an apple? Tom: Because it takes tow apples to make a pair(pear).
3．一詞多義： Teacher：Tom, how many states are there in the US? Tom： Fifty. Teacher：Enumerate them. Tom： One, two, three, ... enumerate既有"數(shù)、點"的意思，又有"枚舉、列舉" 的意思。
4．習慣用法： Teacher: Jim，why can't we lose our heads? Jim: If we lose our heads, we will have nothing to put our hats on. to lose one's head當作成語用時，意思是"失 去理智，驚慌失措"，只有了解這一點，才能明白此中幽默所在。
謎語、幽默說明語法問題的也不乏其例。例如： The Mother： My daughter has been learning piano lessons under you for quite a long time. What do you think of her execution now? The pianist: That could be a nice thing to do.
execution既有"演奏",又有"處死刑"的意思，而物主代詞和它所限定的表示動作的名詞之間既可以是 主謂關系，也可以是動賓關系， 因此, her execution既可理解為"她的演奏"，也可理解為"處她以死刑"，顯然，鋼琴家理解的是后一種意思。又如：
Willy：I thought I told you to come after supper. Milly：That's what I come after. Wiliy的本意是：我想我是讓你晚飯后再來的。然而如果我們不把 after supper看作狀語，而將come after看作是表示"尋求"的詞組，把supper看成這個動詞詞組的賓語，同樣的一句話就會變?yōu)?/FONT>"我想我是 讓你來找晚飯吃"的意思。顯然，這里的幽默產生于 對于句子結構的不同理解。
的確，英語繞口令、謎語、幽默對于英語自學的幫助是多方面的，充分地利用這塊天地，寓學于嬉，定能 收到事半功倍的效果。
學外語沒有什么秘訣，就是給予足夠的時間，堅持下去。多聽、多說、多讀、多寫, 多查字典。”
——著名語言學家，王力
“多讀、多寫、多聽，時間久了，自然產生效果;沒有任何學習英語的捷徑。”
——著名翻譯家，楊憲益
“學語言就是要“自己去吃點兒苦頭”, 語言不能依靠教學法理論, 決不能讓令人眼花繚亂、五花八門的教學法牽著鼻子走。”
——著名學者，季羨林
“學習外語沒有捷徑可走，語言能力的強弱與掌握語言材料的多寡成正比，語言材料吸收量越大，語言能力 提高越快，其中，背誦是一種強化的語言材料輸入，是學習語言不可缺少的環(huán)節(jié)，也是多年來被語言（包括母 語）教學實踐證明為行之有效的方法。”
——復旦大學教授，《大學英語》總主編 董亞芬（摘自《光明日 報》1998年5月8日）
“學外語無非是模仿和記憶，讀要朗讀，不能默念?？谡Z、語法一定要雙管齊下。口語學習只能是個熟能生 巧的問題，除了實踐，沒有其他方法。”
——南京大學德語教授 張威廉
談到外語學習，匈牙利有一位叫卡莫·洛姆布的人說：“我大致用了25年的時間學習了16種語言，10種達到能說的程度，另外6種達到能翻譯專業(yè)書刊，閱讀和欣賞文藝作品的程度。” “我把自己漫游外語天地所獲得的心得體會總結為十條：
1、學習外語一天也不能中斷。倘若確實沒有時間，哪怕每天擠出10分鐘也行；早晨是學習外語的大好時光。
2、要是學厭了，不必過于勉強，但也不要扔下不學。這時可以改變一下學習方式；比如把書放到一邊去聽聽廣播，或暫時擱下課本的練習去翻翻詞典等。
3、絕不要脫離上下文孤立地去死背硬記。
4、應該隨時地記下并背熟那些平日用得最多的“句套子”。
5、盡可能‘心譯’你接觸到的東西，如一閃而過的廣告，偶而聽到的話語，這也是一種休息的方式。
6、只有經(jīng)過教師修改的東西才值得牢記。不要反復去看那些做了而未經(jīng)別人修改 的練習，看多了就會不自覺地連同錯誤的東西一起記在腦了里。假如你純屬自學而無旁人相助，那你就去記那些肯定是正確無誤的東西。
7、抄錄和記憶句子和慣用語時要用單數(shù)第一人稱，如“I am only pulling your leg"(我只是要戲弄你) 8、外語好比碉堡，必須同時從四面八方向它圍攻：讀報紙，聽廣播，看原文電影，聽外語講演，攻讀課本，和外國朋友通訊，來往，交談等等。
9、要敢于說話，不要怕出錯誤，要請別人糾正錯誤。尤為重要的當別人確實為你糾正錯誤時，不要難為情，不要泄氣。
10、要堅信你一定能達到目的，要堅信自己有堅強不屈的毅力和語言方面的非凡才能……
|
