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模塊一 U1 語法講解 一、語法知識歸納一、基本概念 （一） 定語從句 在復合句中作定語，修飾名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。 （二） 先行詞 被定語從句所修飾的名詞或代詞。一般情況下，定語從句緊跟先行詞。但也有因各種原因定語從句與先行詞被分割的現(xiàn)象。 （三）關系代詞和關系副詞 定語從句的引導詞。與先行詞關系密切，因此緊跟先行詞，并在定語從句中充當一個成分。關系代詞有：who, whom, which, that和whose, 另外，as也可充當關系代詞。關系代詞在定語從句中充當主語、賓語、表語和定語。關系副詞有：when, where和why。在定語從句中充當狀語。 二、關系代詞的用法 （一）基本用法 根據(jù)先行詞的不同，和在從句中所充當?shù)某煞植煌?，選用不同的關系代詞。 如下表：
例如：（注意關系代詞在定語從句中所充當?shù)某煞郑?/span> ① Do you know the professor who/that will give us a speech next week? （作主語） ② I read a report about his new novel that/ which will soon be published. （作主語） ③ The plan that/which they argued about was settled at last. （作賓語） ④ This is the new secretary (who/whom/that) I would like to introduce to you. （作賓語） ⑤ The soldier whose legs were badly wounded was operated on without delay. （作定語） 注意：關系代詞在定語從句中充當賓語時可以省略，充當主語時則不能。（見上例③④） （二）關系代詞that代替which的一些情況 which, that 在代替物時，一般可以通用。 但在有些情況下，只用 that。 ⑴ 先行詞是最高級形容詞或它的前面有最高級形容詞修飾時。 例如： ① This is the best that has been used against pollution. ② English is the most difficult subject that you will learn during these years. ⑵ 先行詞是序數(shù)詞，或它前面有一個序數(shù)詞時。 例如： ① This is the last place (that) I want to visit. ② It is the first American movie of this kind that I’ve ever seen. ⑶ 先行詞是 all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none等代詞時。 例如： ① You should hand in all that you have. ② We haven’t got much that we can offer you. ⑷ 先行詞前面有the only, the very, any, few, little, no, all, much, every等修飾時。 例如： ① The only thing that we can do is to give you some money. ② The little money (that) he had was stolen. （三）宜用who, 而不用that的一些情況 ⑴ 先行詞是one, ones, anyone時。 例如： ① One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth. ② Don’t tell anyone about the news who oughtn’t to know it. ⑵先行詞是those時。 例如： ① Those who were not fit for their work could not see the beautiful clothes made of the magic cloth. （四）其它情況 ⑴ 先行詞既有人又有物時。 例如： ① Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about? ② The bike and its rider that had run over an old man were taken to the police station. ⑵ 主句已有疑問詞who 或which時。 例如： ① Which is the bike that you lost? ② Who is the woman that was praised at the meeting? （五）與whose有關的問題 ⑴ whose是代詞的所有格，它既可以代人也可以代物。 例如： ① I saw a woman whose bag was stolen. ② Please show me the book whose cover is red. ⑵ 當whose表示物與物的所有格關系時，亦可用of which的形式。 例如： ① The building whose roof you can see from here is a new restaurant. → The building, the roof of which you can see from here, is a new restaurant.或 → The building, of which the roof you can see from here is a new restaurant. 三、介詞前提的問題 關系代詞在定語從句中充當介詞賓語時，介詞可以前提至關系代詞前。 例如： Have you seen the pen (which) I wrote the note with just now? （which作介詞with的賓語） →Have you seen the pen with which I wrote the note just now? 但是，要注意的是： ⑴ 介詞前提后，先行詞是人或物，關系代詞分別只能用whom和which，而不再用that或who。 ⑵ 介詞前提后，關系代詞不再能省略。 ⑶ 有些含有介詞的短語動詞中的介詞不能前提，如：look for, look after, take care of等。 例如： ① 錯誤：Who is the old man to that you were talking to? 正確：Who is the old man to whom you were talking ? 或 Who is the old man (that/ whom) you were talking to? ② 錯誤：These are the sheep of which the boy took care. 正確：These are the sheep (which/that) the boy took care of. 四、關系代詞在從句中作主語時，從句中的主謂一致 關系代詞在定語從句中作主語時，從句的謂語動詞在人稱和數(shù)上應與先行詞一致。 例如： ① Who is the guy that is reading over there? ② The number of people that are going to the exhibition is expected to be over 25,000. ③ All that needs to be done has been done. ④ He is one of the students who use computer a lot for study. ⑤ Timmy is the only one of the pupils that has failed the exam. 例③中的all意為“一切”，作單數(shù)。例⑤中沒通過考試的學生事實上只有一人，因此謂語動詞也用單數(shù)。 that與which, who, whom的用法區(qū)別：
二、語法知識拓展（一）選擇適當?shù)年P系代詞that, which, who, whom或whose，把下列句子補充完整。 1. Rice is a plant ________ is grown in the south. 2. Those ________ want to go please sign their names here. 3. All ________ glitters is not gold. 4. This is the only way leads to your success. 5. Both the girl and her dog were crossing the street were hit by a coming car. 6. This is the biggest building ________we have ever built in our school. 7. This is the second school ________ I used to work at, and many students there still have contact with me. 8. There is a mountain ________ top is always covered with snow. 9. You can take any seat ________ is free. 10. Could you tell me from _________ you borrowed this book? （二）用定語從句合并下列句子 1. The lady is a film star. You took a photo of the lady yesterday. _______________________________________________________________________ 2. What’s the address of the factory? We noticed the advertisement of the factory the other day. ________________________________________________________________________ 3. This is the stadium He often goes to the stadium on Sundays. ________________________________________________________________________ 4. A professor is going to give us a speech this Friday afternoon. He has been working on environmental protection. ________________________________________________________________________ 5. He hasn’t got enough money. He can buy a laptop with the money. ________________________________________________________________________ （三）單項填空 1. Who is the woman is sweeping the floor over there? A. who B. / C. that D. when 2. The doctor is leaving for A. the nurse is talking to him B. whom the nurse is talking C. the nurse is talking to D. who the nurse is talking 3. He talked about a hero no one had ever heard. A. of whom B. from whom C. about that D. who 4. Have you read the book I lent to you? A. that B. whom C. when D. whose 5. American women usually identify their best friend as someone ______ they can talk frequently. A. who B. as C. about which D. with whom 6. Recently I bought a second-hand car was very low. A. which price B. the price of whose C. its price D. whose price 7. Lily, is Helen ______ you want to introduce me to? A. that B. who C. whom D. the girl 8. The professors talked with us about the beautiful schools and the experienced teachers ______ they had seen. A. that B. who C. which D. what 9. This is the only bus ______ goes to the village school. A. / B. that C. where D. it 10. Is there a shop around _______sells China Daily? A. who B. where C. in which D. which 11. She was the only one of the girls in our class _______ accepted as candidate for the president of our Students’ Union. A. who was B. who were C. who has been D. who have been 12. She is no longer the sweet little girl ______ she used to be. A. what B. who C. when D. that 13. Is this singer ______ songs you like best? A. who’s B. whose C. which D the one whose 14. He got angry with _____ was against his opinion. A. who B. whomever C. whoever D. no matter who 15. Anyone _____with what I said may raise your hand. A. which agrees B. who agree C. who agrees D. which agree 16. That’s the dog ______. A. we’ve been looking after B. after which we’ve been looking C. what we’ve been looking after D. we’ve been taking care for 17. This is the last time ______ I’ll give you a lesson. A. when B. that C. what D. as 18. The family _____ I stayed with in A. whose B. which C. what D. whom 19. This is the very knife ______ I used to cut apples yesterday. A. that B. by which C. which D. with which 20. A. which B. in which C. among which D. one of which 21. The use they are ______ the waste helps to save a lot of money. A. made of B. made from C. making up of D. making of 22. That tree, the branches ______ are almost bare, is a very old one. A. whose B. in which C. of which D. of it 23. In the dark street, there wasn’t a single person ______ she could turn for help. A. that B. who C. from whom D. to whom 24. What is the way Smith thought of ______ enough money to buy the new house? A. getting B. having got C. being got D. to get 25. Jack spent as much time as he could ______ over his lessons. A. going B. went C. go D. to go 26. The freezing point is the temperature ______ water changes into ice. A. at which B. on that C. when D. of which 27. I am impressed by the fact that he makes good use of every minute _____ he can spare. A. that B. in which C. in that D. when 28. This is the last time ______ I will write to you. A. when B. that C. what D. as 29. I don’t like the way ______ he spoke to me. A. what B. by which C. by that D. / 30. The train ______ he was traveling was delayed for more than an hour. A. by which B. on which C. for which D. on that （四）改錯 1. Is this museum you visited a few days ago? 2. The girl which is standing next to our teacher is her daughter. 3. He rushed to help the man his car was trapped in the mud. 4. All which is need is supply of oil. 5. This is the best film which I have seen this year. 6. The cake you made it yesterday was very delicious. 7. Do you know the man wrote the letter? 8. Who is the great man who saved my boy? 9. Here are the patients after whom you will look. 10. This is all the money with that he can buy a Christmas present for his mother. （五）真題回顧 1. We went through a period _____ communications were very difficult in rural areas. (2008上海) A. which B. whose C. in which D. with which 2. Human facial expressions differ from those of animals in the degree _____ they can be controlled on purpose. ( A. with which B. to which C. of which D. for which 3. Animals suffered at the hands of Man ______ they were destroyed by people to make way for agricultural had to provide food for more people. ( A. in which B. for which C. so that D. in that 4. Some children want to challenge themselves by learning a language different from ______ their parents speak at home. ( A. what B. that C. which D. one 5. You can only be sure of _____ you have at present; you cannot be sure of something _____ you might get in the future. ( A. that; what B. what; / C. which; that D. /; that 6. Women _____ drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those _____ don’t. ( A. who, / B. /; who C. who, who D. /; / 7. The Beatles _____ many of you are old enough to remember, came from A. what B. that C. how D. as 8. In an hour, we can travel to places _____ would have taken our ancestors days to reach. ( A. where B. when C. which D. what 9. I saw a woman running toward me in the dark. Before I could recognize who she was, she had run back in the direction ________ she had come.（ A. of which B. by which C. in which D. from which 10. Look out! Don’t get too close to the house ______ roof is under repair. (2006福建) A. whose B. which C. of which D. that 11. – Mom, what did your doctor say? -- He advised me to live ____ the air is fresher. (2006四川) A. in where B. in which C. the place where D. where 12. The schools themselves admit that not all children will be successful in the jobs ______ they are being trained. ( A. in that B. for that C. in which D. for which 13. The English play ____ my students acted at the New Year’s party was a great success. ( A. for which B. at which C. in which D. on which 14. George Orwell, ____ was Eric Arthur, wrote many political novels and essays. ( A. the real name B. what his real name C. his real name D. whose real name 15. The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, 80% ________ are sold abroad. ( A. of which B. which of C. of them D. of that 參考答案（一）選擇適當?shù)年P系代詞that, which, who, whom或whose，把下列句子補充完整。 1. that/which 2. who 3. that 4. that 5. that 6. (that) 7. (that) 8. whose 9. that 10. whom （二）用定語從句合并下列句子 1. The lady (that/who/whom) you took a photo of yesterday is a film star. 2. What’s the address of the factory whose advertisement we noticed the other day? 3. This is the stadium he often goes to on Sundays. 4. A professor who/that has been working on environmental protection is going to give us a speech this Friday afternoon. 5. He hasn’t got enough money with which he can buy a laptop. （三）單項填空 1-5 CCAAD 6-10 DDABD 11-15 ADBCC 16-20 ABDAC 21-25 DCDDA 26-30 AABDB （四）改錯 1. Is this the museum you visited a few days ago? 或者Is this museum the one you visited a few days ago? 2. The girl who/that is standing next to our teacher is her daughter. 3. He rushed to help the man whose car was trapped in the mud. 4. All that is need is supply of oil. 5. This is the best film (that) I have seen this year. 6. The cake you made yesterday was very delicious. 7. Do you know the man who/that wrote the letter? 8. Who is the great man that saved my boy? 9. Here are the patients whom you will look after. 10. This is all the money with which he can buy a Christmas present for his mother. （五）真題回顧 1-5 CBDAB 6-10 CDCDA 11-15 DDCDA |
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