主謂一致應(yīng)注意的問題

英語中謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)必須和主語的人稱和數(shù)保持一致。一般情況下，普通單個(gè)的單數(shù)名詞或復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語，其謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)我們?nèi)菀着袛?，但遇到一些?fù)雜的、并列的或特殊結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時(shí)，同學(xué)們?nèi)菀壮鲥e(cuò)。但只要我們遵循了語法一致、意思一致和就近一致的三條原則，這問題的解決還是有規(guī)律可循的。

1. 兩個(gè)名詞由and連接作主語，不是指同一個(gè)人、同一物或同一概念時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞一般用復(fù)數(shù)。當(dāng)and不表示并列意思，而是連接兩個(gè)表示同一個(gè)人，同一物或同一概念時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù)形式，如果名詞前要加冠詞，往往在第一個(gè)名詞前才用，第二個(gè)名詞前不用冠詞修飾。常見的有bread and butter, war and peace, time and tide, a knife and fork， a cart and horse等。如：

  （1）Medicine and food are badly needed in the area after the terrible flood.

(2) The English teacher and Chinese teacher are both young men.

(3) The singer and dancer is popular with the young people.

(4) Bread and butter is what they usually have for breakfast.

2.主語后面接有with, along with, together with, as well as,  rather than, in addition to, like , except, but, including, besides等詞構(gòu)成的短語修飾時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)與作主語的名詞保持一致，不受修飾語中名詞的數(shù)的影響。如：

（5）Professor Brown with a group of students was doing experiments at that time.

(6) Our headteacher, along with his students is going to play football this weekend.

3. 連詞or, either …or…, neither …nor…, not only…but also…, not…but…, 等連接兩個(gè)名詞或代詞作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞通常與鄰近的名詞或代詞保持一致。如：

（7）Was he or you singing in the room?

(8) Not only the students but also their teacher is interested in football.

4. 兩個(gè)并列名詞分別由every，each, many a, no等修飾，作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用第三人稱單數(shù)。如：

（9）Each boy and each girl has an English dictionary.

 (10) Many a boy and many girl made the same mistake in the exercise.

(11) No man and no animal is on the moon.

5. 由there, here開頭構(gòu)成的句型，主語不止一個(gè)詞時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞常與鄰近的名詞或代詞的數(shù)保持一致。如：

（12）There a lamp, two pens and four books on the desk.

(13) Here is a pen, some envelops and paper for you.

6.“more than one + 單數(shù)名詞（不止一個(gè)……）”，“many a(許多)”雖然表示復(fù)數(shù)含義，但謂語動(dòng)詞與單數(shù)名詞保持一致，習(xí)慣上用單數(shù)。如：

（14）More than one person is involved in this case.

（15）Many a students attended the lecture yesterday.

7. 不定代詞anybody, anyone, anything, somebody, someone, something, everything, everybody, no one, nobody, nothing, each, the other等作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用第三稱單數(shù)。如：

（16）Someone is waiting for you outside the school gate.

（17）Everything is ready for the meeting.

8.不定代詞 neither, none 等單獨(dú)作主語或跟of 短語時(shí)，可用單復(fù)數(shù)，neither作定語修飾單數(shù)名詞時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù)。如：

 （18）None of them have (has) seen the film.

  (19) Neither answer is right.

9. 分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)+名詞作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞與名詞的數(shù)保持一致。如：

（20）More than 70% of the surface of our planet is covered by water.

(21) About three-fifth of the workers in the factory are women.

10. 表示時(shí)間、距離、金錢、重量等的復(fù)數(shù)名詞或短語作主語時(shí)，常?？醋饕粋€(gè)整體，謂語動(dòng)詞用第三人稱單。如：

（22）Another three years has passed.

(23) Thirty-six thousand francs is a big sum for the couple to pay off.

11. 短語a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a heap of, heaps of等加可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞與of 后名詞的數(shù)保持一致。如：

（24）Lots of damage was caused by the earthquake.

(25) Lots of us were invited at the last moment.

12. a large quantity of加可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞 , a large amount of加不可數(shù)名詞作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用第三人稱單數(shù)，但(large) quantities of, (large) amounts of 加不可數(shù)名詞作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式，因?yàn)橹行拿~是quantities, amounts 。如：

(26) Quantities of water were polluted in the Songhua River.

(27) A large quantity of money was spent on the project.

（28）A large quantity of apples is sold to other big cities every year.

另外，短語a number of加復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)，而the number of加復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語謂語動(dòng)詞用第三人稱單數(shù)，因?yàn)橹行脑~是number。如：

 （29）A number of students attended the lecture yesterday.

  (30) The number of the students in this school is nearly 5000.

13. 集合名詞family, team, group, government, class, army, enemy, crew, staff, population等作主語時(shí)，如果強(qiáng)調(diào)整體，則用第三人稱單數(shù)，如強(qiáng)調(diào)其中的成員，則用復(fù)數(shù)。如：

（31）The population in China is very large, and 80% of the population are farmers.

但有些集合名詞，如：people, police, youth, cattle作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：

（32）The police are running after the robber.

 (33) The people are talking about the hero who saved the boy from the big fire.

14. 有些名詞是總是以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)，但并不一定表示復(fù)數(shù)概念，如：works(工廠)，means(方法，手段)，作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)要根據(jù)句意來確定。如：

（34）Every means has been tried.

 (35) It seems that there are (is) no means of getting there.

15.名詞化形容詞結(jié)構(gòu)“the + 形容詞或過去分詞”，如：the rich, the poor, the blind, the old, the injured, the wounded作主語時(shí)，表示具體的某類人或事，謂語動(dòng)詞常常用復(fù)數(shù)形式，表示抽象概念時(shí)，用單數(shù)。如：

  (36) The rich make the poor slaves.

(37) The beautiful lives forever.

16.不定代詞 neither, none 等單獨(dú)作主語或跟of 短語時(shí)，可用單復(fù)數(shù)，neither作定語修飾單數(shù)名詞時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù)。如：

 （38）None of them have (has) seen the film.

  (39) Neither answer is right.

17. 關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時(shí)，從句謂語動(dòng)詞要與先行詞的數(shù)保持一致。在先行詞前有one of修飾時(shí)，從句謂語動(dòng)詞與復(fù)數(shù)名詞保持一致;在先行詞前有the only one of, the very one of 等修飾時(shí)，從句謂語動(dòng)詞與one保持一致，用第三人稱單數(shù)形式。如：

（40）The man who wants to see you is waiting for you at the gate.

 (41)He was one of the men in the office who were invited to the ball.

(42)He was the only one of the men in the office who was invited to the ball.

18. 在It is(was)…that(who)…強(qiáng)調(diào)句型結(jié)構(gòu)中，強(qiáng)調(diào)句子主語時(shí)，要注意謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)與主語一致，而不是和who或that一致。如：

（43）It is I who am responsible to him for it.

 (44) It is our headmaster who is going to giver us a talk.

鞏固練習(xí)：

1. Either you or the headmaster__________ the prize to those gifted students at the meeting.

  A. is handing out         B. are to hand out 

  C. are handing out        D. is to hand out

2. The number of the people invited _______ fifty, but a number of them ________ absent for different reasons.

  A. were; was   B. was; was   C. was; were   D. were; were

3. —Each of the students , working hard at his or her lessons, ________ to go to university.

 —So do I.

 A. hope      B. hopes      C. hoping       D. hoped

4. Not only I but Jane and Mary _______ tired of having one examination after another.

   A. is        B. are        C. am       D. be

5. She is one of the few girls who _________ in the kindergarten.

   A. is well paid    B. are well paid    C. is paying well   D. are paying well

6. The teacher, with 6 girls and 8 boys of her class, ______visiting a museum when the earthquake struck. （2004北京）

A. was          B. were             C. had been            D. would be

7. She has set a new record, that is, the sales of her latest book ________ 50 million. (2004福建)

A．have reached   B．has reached    C．are reaching   D．had reached

8. All the employees except the manager______ to work online at home. （2004廣東）

A. encourages    B. encourage    C. is encouraged    D. are encouraged

9. Of the making of good books there is no end; neither______ any end to their influence man’s lives. （2004廣東）

A. there is   B. there are   C. is there   D. are there

10. No one in the department but Tom and I __ that the director is going to resign. （2004上海春）

A. knows         B. know    C. have known          D. am to know

11. Professor Smith, along with his assistant, _________ on the project day and night to meet the deadline.（05上海）

  A. work     B. working    C. is working    D. are working

12. Nowadays, a large number of women, especially those from the countryside, _________ in the clothing industry.（2005遼寧）

A．is working       B．works          C．work          D．worked

13. The country life he was used to _________ greatly since 1992. （2005山東）

   A. change    B. has changed    C. changing     D. have changed

14. With more forests being destroyed, huge quantities of good earth _________ each year. （2005山東）

A. is washing away       B. is being washed away

C. are washing away      D. are being washed away

答案解析：

1.D。either …or…連接主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞要根據(jù)就近一致的原則來確定，從句意來看，只有用be to do sth.來表示將來的動(dòng)作

2.C。 The number of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞，中心詞是number, a number of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞，中心詞是復(fù)數(shù)名詞，故選C。

3. B。句子主語是each of the students, 中心詞是each, 現(xiàn)在分詞working at his or her lessons作定語，故選B。

4. B。not only …but also…連接句子主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞由就近一致的原則來確定，故選B。

5. B。定語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞取決于先行詞的數(shù)，該題先行詞是the few students,它和pay之間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，故選B。

6. A。單數(shù)名詞后跟有作定語的介詞短語修飾時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞與介詞短語中的名詞無關(guān)，其數(shù)取決于前面的單數(shù)名詞，故選A。

7. A。sale 表示“銷售額，銷量”時(shí)，是可數(shù)名詞，故選A。

8. D．解析同第6題。

9. C。neither單獨(dú)作主語，謂語常用單數(shù)，謂語句首時(shí)，句子還應(yīng)用倒裝語序，故選C。

10. A。but Tom and I 是介詞短語，對(duì)前面的名詞或代詞起修飾作用，句子主語是不定代詞no one,故選A。

11. C。解析同第6題。

12. C。a number of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式，故選C。

13. B。life泛指生活時(shí)時(shí)是不可數(shù)名詞，作主語是謂語動(dòng)詞用第三稱單數(shù)，故選B。

14. D。a huge quantity of +不可數(shù)名詞作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用第三人稱單數(shù)，huge quantities of+不可數(shù)名詞作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)，因?yàn)檫@兩結(jié)構(gòu)中中心詞是quantity, quantities,故選D。