被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

天俏皮 2010-12-23

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2009年07月30日星期四 03:11 P.M.

語(yǔ)態(tài)(Voice)，作為一個(gè)語(yǔ)法范疇，是表示主語(yǔ)和動(dòng)詞之間的主動(dòng)或被動(dòng)關(guān)系的動(dòng)詞行式。英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有兩種語(yǔ)態(tài)：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(Active Voice)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(Passive Voice)。當(dāng)主語(yǔ)為動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者即施動(dòng)者時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用主動(dòng)態(tài)；如果主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者即受動(dòng)者時(shí)，動(dòng)詞便用被動(dòng)態(tài)。例如：
(1) John helped Peter.
(2) Peter was helped by John.
句(1) helped是主動(dòng)態(tài)；句(2)was helped是被動(dòng)態(tài),可見(jiàn)主動(dòng)態(tài)是無(wú)標(biāo)記的，而被動(dòng)態(tài)是有標(biāo)記的。
構(gòu)成
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由助動(dòng)詞be的時(shí)態(tài)之一和及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)可用于各種時(shí)態(tài)，其時(shí)態(tài)變化通過(guò)助動(dòng)詞be的不同形式來(lái)體現(xiàn)。如：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)態(tài)構(gòu)成形式為助動(dòng)詞am/is/are + 過(guò)去分詞；而一般過(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)態(tài)構(gòu)成形式為was/were + 過(guò)去分詞。本冊(cè)要掌握的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式有：
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：am/is/are + 過(guò)去分詞
e.g. Football is played all over the world.
I’m often asked to do this work.
我常常被派做這項(xiàng)工作。
一般過(guò)去時(shí)：was/were +過(guò)去分詞
e.g. The terracotta warriors were found in 1974 near Xi’an.
They were discovered by workers in a field outside the city.
When was the building completed?
這座大樓什么時(shí)候建成的？
一般將來(lái)時(shí)：will (shall) + be +過(guò)去分詞
be going to + be + 過(guò)去分詞
e.g. The result of the exam will be known soon.
They are going to be given a difficult test.
一般過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)：should(would) be+過(guò)去分詞
e.g. The teacher said the results would be published soon.
He told me that the film would be shown the next week.
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：am/is/are + being +過(guò)去分詞
e.g. The new airport is being built by a foreign company.
一家外國(guó)公司正在承建這座新機(jī)場(chǎng)。
The song is being sung by the girls now.
過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)：was/were being+過(guò)去分詞
e.g. The song was being sung by the girls when I got there.
The student was being criticized when I went into the
teacher’s office.
將來(lái)完成時(shí)：will have been+過(guò)去分詞
e.g. By the end of next term 2000 English words will

have been learned.
The building will have been built by next year.
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：has/have + bee n +過(guò)去分詞
e.g. All the tickets have been sold .
The book has been translated into many languages.
這本書(shū)已被譯成多種語(yǔ)言。
過(guò)去完成時(shí)：had been+過(guò)去分詞
e.g. Forty schools had been visited by last year.
All the tickets had been sold out when I got to the cinema.
過(guò)去將來(lái)完成時(shí)：would have been+過(guò)去分詞
e.g. He said many words would have been learned by 2001.
They promised that ten books would have been published
by the next month.
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + be + 過(guò)去分詞
e.g. This road must be mended.
The machine parts may be needed in our work.
工作中可能需要這些機(jī)器零部件。
動(dòng)詞不定式：to be + 過(guò)去分詞
e.g. I’m glad to be asked questions.
It is impossible for lost time to be made up.
失去的時(shí)間不可彌補(bǔ)。
主要用法
被動(dòng)態(tài)常用于下列幾種場(chǎng)合：
1．當(dāng)不知道或不必提出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)（這時(shí)都不帶由by引起的短語(yǔ)）；
Printing was introduced into Europe from

China

.
印刷術(shù)是從中國(guó)引入歐洲的。
The airplane was made in

U.S.

Such books are written for children. 這種書(shū)是為兒童寫(xiě)的。
2. 動(dòng)作的承受者是談話的中心（這時(shí)可帶有由by引起的短語(yǔ)）；
The song was composed by a student.
這首歌曲是一個(gè)學(xué)生譜寫(xiě)的。
Thousands of rivers are polluted in the country.
3. 出于禮貌措詞等原因而不愿說(shuō)出動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者是誰(shuí)。
You are requested to get here in time.
請(qǐng)您準(zhǔn)時(shí)來(lái)這兒。
帶行為主體的被動(dòng)態(tài)
行為主體就是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，即執(zhí)行動(dòng)詞所表達(dá)的動(dòng)作的人或物。在被動(dòng)句中，往往不提及行為主體；但當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)，可用介詞by引出行為( by +主體行為主體),置于被動(dòng)態(tài)句的末尾，說(shuō)明是什么人或物應(yīng)對(duì)有關(guān)事件負(fù)責(zé)。

e village was destroyed by a bomb.
這個(gè)村莊毀于炸彈。
The painting is very valuable. It was painted by Van Gogh.
這幅畫(huà)很值錢(qián)，它是梵·高畫(huà)的。
其它用法補(bǔ)充
1.“It + 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)+ that 從句”。表示謹(jǐn)慎或不太肯定的語(yǔ)氣。常用于該結(jié)構(gòu)的動(dòng)詞有：say, think, believe, agree, expect, consider, feel, know, decide, report, suggest, prove 等。
e.g. It is said that prices will rise again this month.
據(jù)說(shuō)本月物價(jià)還將上漲。
It is thought that about a million dogs are born each year.
據(jù)認(rèn)為每年約有一百條狗出生。
It is reported that all the passengers died in the crash.
據(jù)報(bào)導(dǎo)所有乘客在那次飛機(jī)墜毀中遇難。
It is agreed that we will have two weeks holiday this year.
2. 用于通告標(biāo)題廣告等的被動(dòng)態(tài)往往省去助動(dòng)詞be。
e.g. No Chinese spoken here.
Shoes repaired.
Famous Painting Stolen. 名畫(huà)被盜。

K．不能變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu)

1．受動(dòng)詞的限制

①表示狀態(tài)的及物動(dòng)詞，只能用于主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

某些表示狀態(tài)的及物動(dòng)詞，如have, own, cost, lack, want (缺乏), become (適合), fit, resemble, fail, last, flee, benefit, hold等作謂語(yǔ)時(shí)，不能變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句。

She resembles her mother. 她像她媽媽。

He lacks self-confidence. 他缺乏自信。

This hall can hold 2,000 people. 這個(gè)大廳能容納兩千人。

②當(dāng)及物動(dòng)詞have表示“吃飯”、“患病”、“明白”、“知道”等意思時(shí)，沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式。

Would you have a cup of tea 你要喝杯茶嗎？

She had a bad cold yesterday, and now she is feeling much better. 昨天她得了重感冒，現(xiàn)在好多了。

③當(dāng)動(dòng)詞get，take表示“懂得”、“知道”，owe表示“欠”，cost表示“使失去(生命、健康等)”的意思時(shí)，動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有相應(yīng)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

Do you get me 你明白我的意思嗎？

How do you take this passage 這段話你怎么理解？

I owe 50 pounds to you. 我欠你五十英鎊。

His careless driving cost his life. 他粗心的駕駛使他喪了命。

2．受賓語(yǔ)的限制

①當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)是相互代詞、反身代詞或具有類似相互代詞的關(guān)系時(shí)，動(dòng)詞不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式。

They simply cannot contain themselves for joy. 他們簡(jiǎn)直無(wú)法抑制內(nèi)心的喜悅。

He absented himself from a meeting yesterday. 他昨天缺席會(huì)議了。

For years the two sisters looked after one another. 多年來(lái)兩姐妹互相照顧。

②當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)前帶有主語(yǔ)的形容詞性物主代詞時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常不能轉(zhuǎn)換為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

I could not believe my eyes when I saw him still alive. 看到他還活著，我簡(jiǎn)直不相信自己的眼睛。

The doctor shook his head and then went out without any words. 醫(yī)生搖了搖頭，一句話也沒(méi)說(shuō)就出去了。

注意：

動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)是身體的一部分，一般不可變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，但也有例外。

He fixed his eyes on the oil painting. 他注視著這幅油畫(huà)。

-- His eyes were fixed on the oil painting. 他的兩眼注視著這幅油畫(huà)。

③當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)起狀語(yǔ)作用，表示數(shù)量、重量、大小或程度時(shí)，不能用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

This kind of dictionary costs ten dollars. 這種字典價(jià)值十美元。

The case weighs twenty kilos. 這箱子重二十公斤。

④當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)是同源賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常不能轉(zhuǎn)換成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

He laughed a hearty laugh. 他由衷地笑了笑。

She dreamt a sweet dream. 她做了一個(gè)美夢(mèng)。

⑤如果賓語(yǔ)是動(dòng)詞不定式或動(dòng)詞的-ing形式時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般不能變換成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

He admitted having done wrong. 他承認(rèn)做錯(cuò)了。

He has decided to go and study abroad. 他已決定出國(guó)留學(xué)。

⑥如果enter, leave, reach的賓語(yǔ)是地點(diǎn)、國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)等，不能改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

He left the army in 1998. 他1998年退伍。

She entered the hall at once. 她立刻就進(jìn)入了大廳。

⑦另外，不可拆開(kāi)的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，如take place, lose heart, belong to, consist of, change colour等，也不能改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

The book belongs to me. 這本書(shū)是我的。

She caught a very bad cold. 她患了重感冒。

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p;必背：一些常見(jiàn)的不能變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的動(dòng)賓詞組

catch a cold 感冒

eat one's words 食言

lose heart 喪失信心

lose patience 失去耐心

make a face 做鬼臉

make up one's mind 決心

make bed 鋪床

make room for 為……騰出地方

keep watch 守望

keep silence 保持安靜

speak one's mind 表明見(jiàn)解

take place 發(fā)生

take one's time 從容不迫，別著急

take office 就職

take one's leave 請(qǐng)假

take notes 作筆記

take up arms 拿起武器

take one's place 就位

⑧含有would rather或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞dare的句子，不能改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

I would rather do it now. 我寧可現(xiàn)在就干這件事。

He dare not do it. 他不敢干那件事。

四、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與系表結(jié)構(gòu)

所謂系表結(jié)構(gòu)，在此指“連系動(dòng)詞+用作表語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞-ed形式”結(jié)構(gòu)。它與被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的形式完全一樣，所以在應(yīng)用時(shí)應(yīng)注意它們的區(qū)別。

A. 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的過(guò)去分詞是動(dòng)詞，多強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作；系表結(jié)構(gòu)中的過(guò)去分詞相當(dāng)于形容詞，多強(qiáng)調(diào)狀態(tài)。前者通常可用by+人或by+抽象名詞表動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，而后者則一般不用。

The gate to the garden was locked by the girl. 花園門(mén)被那個(gè)女孩鎖上了。（被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)）

The gate to the garden was locked. 花園門(mén)鎖了。（系表結(jié)構(gòu)）

The tree was blown down by the high winds. 那棵樹(shù)被大風(fēng)吹倒了。（被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)）

The tree was blown down when we saw it. 我們看到那棵樹(shù)時(shí)，它已經(jīng)被吹倒了。（系表結(jié)構(gòu)）

注意：

少數(shù)“連系動(dòng)詞be + 用作表語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞-ed形式”也帶by短語(yǔ)。

The old man was surrounded by small children. 老人被孩子們團(tuán)團(tuán)圍住。（被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）

<?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" />Guilin is surrounded by hills and mountains. 桂林周圍都是山。（系表結(jié)構(gòu)）

We were held up by fog. 我們因霧受阻。（被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）

The tree is known by its fruit. 看到果子就知道是什么樹(shù)。（系表結(jié)構(gòu)）

B. 系表結(jié)構(gòu)一般只用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過(guò)去時(shí)等少數(shù)幾種時(shí)態(tài)；而被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)可用多種時(shí)態(tài)。

The composition is well written. 這篇作文寫(xiě)得很好。（系表結(jié)構(gòu)）

The composition is being written. 這篇作文正在寫(xiě)。（被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）

C. 系表結(jié)構(gòu)中的過(guò)去分詞可被very, too, so修飾，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的過(guò)去分詞須用much修飾。

The boy was too frightened to move. 這孩子嚇得動(dòng)也不敢動(dòng)。（系表結(jié)構(gòu)）

He was very excited.他很激動(dòng)。（系表結(jié)構(gòu)）

He was much excited by the news. 他聽(tīng)到消息后很激動(dòng)。（被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)）

D. be + 不及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞通常是系表結(jié)構(gòu)。

Her money is all gone. 她的錢(qián)都花光了。

The honoured guests are arrived. 貴賓們到了。

The moon is risen. 月亮升起來(lái)了。

She is grown up. 她長(zhǎng)大了。

The leaves are fallen. 樹(shù)葉落了。

We are prepared for the worst. 我們已準(zhǔn)備好應(yīng)付最壞的情況。

E. 表示“充滿”意思的“be + 過(guò)去分詞 + with”結(jié)構(gòu)多為系表結(jié)構(gòu)。

The mountain is covered with snow all the year round. 這座山終年被積雪覆蓋。

The classroom was crowded with pupils. 教室里擠滿了學(xué)生。

The lake is dotted with fishing boats. 湖里漁帆點(diǎn)點(diǎn)。

The floor was piled with old books. 地板上堆滿了舊書(shū)。

F. remain, feel, lie, stand 以及 become, grow 等詞 + 過(guò)去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)多為系表結(jié)構(gòu)。

The matter remained unsettled. 這件事懸而未決。

She felt disappointed. 她感到失望。

The road became crowded. 道路擁擠了。

G. 句中有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)和地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，一般為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，反之為系表結(jié)構(gòu)。

The bank is closed. 銀行現(xiàn)在關(guān)門(mén)了。（系表結(jié)構(gòu)）

The bank is usually closed at six. 銀行通常六點(diǎn)關(guān)門(mén)。（被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）

He is married. 他結(jié)婚了。（系表結(jié)構(gòu)）

He was married in Beijing. 他是在北京結(jié)婚的。（被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

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