(一)限制性定語(yǔ)從句中只能用that 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的情況
1.當(dāng)先行詞是everything, anything, nothing (something 除外), all, none, few, little, some等代詞時(shí),或當(dāng)先行詞受every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等代詞修飾時(shí)。如:
Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li said? 李老師講的你都記下來了嗎?
There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world. 對(duì)他來說似乎世界上沒有什么不可能的事。
All that can be done has been done. 所有能做的都做好了。
There is little that I can do for you. 我不能為你干什么。
He stayed in the library and looked up any information that they needed. 他呆在圖書館查找所需的資料。
注意:當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí),偶爾也可用關(guān)系代詞who,如:
Any man that / who has a sense of duty won’t do such a thing. 任何有責(zé)任感的人都不會(huì)做這樣的事。
All the guests that / who were invited to her wedding were important people. 所有應(yīng)邀來參加她婚禮的客人都是重要人物。
2.當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)。如:
The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. 在倫敦他們參觀的第一個(gè)地方是大本鐘。
3.當(dāng)先行詞被形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)。如:
This is the best film that I have ever seen. 這是我看過的最好的電影。
4.當(dāng)先行詞被the very, the only修飾時(shí)。如:
This is the very dictionary that I want to buy. 這正是我要買的詞典。
After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owns. 家里發(fā)生了火災(zāi)過后,那輛舊車成了他的唯一擁有。
注意:當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí),偶爾也可用關(guān)系代詞who。如:
Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting. 王華是我校唯一出席會(huì)議的人。
5.當(dāng)先行詞前面有who, which等疑問代詞時(shí)。如:
Who is the man that is standing by the gate? 站在門口的那個(gè)人是誰(shuí)?
Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? 哪件T恤衫最合我的身?
6.當(dāng)先行詞為人與動(dòng)物或人與物時(shí)。如:
They talked about the persons and things that they remembered at school 他們談?wù)撝麄兯苡浧鸬脑谛r(shí)的人和事。
Look at the man and his donkey that are walking up the street. 瞧瞧那個(gè)沿街走來的人和他的 毛驢。
(二)關(guān)系代詞as和which 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
as 和which 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí), 其用法有相同之處,也有不同之處。具體情況是:
1. as 和which都可以在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ),代表前面整個(gè)句子。如:
He married her, as / which was natural. 他跟她結(jié)婚了,這是很自然的事。
He is honest, as / which we can see. 他很誠(chéng)實(shí), 這一點(diǎn)我們看得出來。
2. as 引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句可以放在主句之前、主句之后,甚至還可以分割主句。 which 引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句只可放在主句之后。另外,as 常常有“正如、正像”的含義。如:
As is known to all, China is a developing country. 眾所周知,中國(guó)是發(fā)展中國(guó)家。
He is from the south, as we can know from his accent. 他是南方人,這一點(diǎn)我們從他的口音可以知道。
John, as you know, is a famous writer. 正如你所知, 約翰是個(gè)著名作家。
Zhang Hua has been to Paris more than ten times, which I don’t believe. 張華已去過巴黎十多次了,這一點(diǎn)我不相信。
注意:當(dāng)主句和從句之間存在著邏輯上的因果關(guān)系時(shí),關(guān)系詞往往只用which。如:
Tom was late for school again and again, which made his teacher very angry. 湯姆老是遲到,這使得老師很惱火。
These tables are made of metal, which made them very heavy. 這些桌子是金屬的,這使得這些桌子很重。
1. 當(dāng)先行詞受such, the same 修飾時(shí),關(guān)系詞常用as。 如:
I’ve never heard such stories as he tells. 我從未聽過象他講的這樣的故事。
He is not such a fool as he looks. 他可不象他看上去的那樣傻。
This is the same dictionary as I lost last week. 這部詞典跟我上星期丟失的一樣。
注意:當(dāng)先行詞受the same 修飾時(shí),偶爾也用 that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,但與as引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句意思有區(qū)別。如:
She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary’s wedding. 她穿著她在瑪麗婚禮上穿過的同一條連衣裙。
She wore the same dress as her younger sister wore. 她穿著跟她妹妹所穿的一樣的連衣裙。
(三) 以the way為先行詞的限制性定語(yǔ)從句通常由in which或that引導(dǎo),而且通??梢允÷?。如:
The way (that / in which ) he answered the questions was surprising. 他回答這些問題的方式令人驚奇。
I don’t like the way (that / in which) you laugh at her. 我不喜歡你沖她的樣子。
(四)關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞的選擇
用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句主要看關(guān)系詞在定語(yǔ)從句中的作用(即所擔(dān)當(dāng)?shù)某煞郑?。試比較:
A. I know a place where we can have a picnic. 我知道一個(gè)我們可以野炊的地方。
I know a place which / that is famous for its beautiful natural scenery. 我知道一個(gè)以自然景色優(yōu)美而聞名的地方。
B. I will never forget the days when we spent our holidays together. 我永遠(yuǎn)忘不了我們一起度假的日子。
I will never forget the days that / which we spent together. 我永遠(yuǎn)忘不了我們一起度過的日子。
C. This is the reason why he was dismissed. 這就是他被解雇的原因。
This is the reason that / which he explained to me for his not attending the meeting. 這就是他向我解釋的他沒有參加會(huì)議的原因。
(五)but 有時(shí)也用作關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。如:
There are very few but admire his talents. 很少有人不贊賞他的才干的。(but = who don’t)
(六)定語(yǔ)從句與同位語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別
1.定語(yǔ)從句修飾限定先行詞,它與先行詞是修飾關(guān)系;同位語(yǔ)從句說明先行詞的具體內(nèi)容,它與先行詞是同位關(guān)系。
The plane that has just taken off is for Paris. (定語(yǔ)從句) 剛剛起飛的那架飛機(jī)是開往巴黎的。
The fact that he has already died is quite clear. (同位語(yǔ)從句) 他已經(jīng)去世了,這個(gè)事實(shí)很明了。
2.定語(yǔ)從句由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo),關(guān)系詞在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)相應(yīng)的句子成分,關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)經(jīng)常可省略。同位語(yǔ)從句主要由連詞that 引導(dǎo),在從句中一般不擔(dān)當(dāng)成分;有時(shí)也由where, when, how, who, whether, what 等連詞引導(dǎo),這些連詞則在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)成分。
The news that he told me is true. (定語(yǔ)從句) 他告訴我的消息是真的。
The news that he has just died is true. (同位語(yǔ)從句) 他剛剛?cè)ナ懒?,這個(gè)消息是真的。
The problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money. (定語(yǔ)從句) 我們現(xiàn)在面臨的問題是如何籌集這么多資金。
The problem how we can collect so much money is difficult to solve. (同位語(yǔ)從句) 我們?nèi)绾位I集這么多資金,這個(gè)問題很難解決。
The question that he raised puzzled all of us. (定語(yǔ)從句) 他提出的問題讓我們很為難。
The question whether he is sure to win the game is hard to answer. (同位語(yǔ)從句) 他是否一定會(huì)贏得那場(chǎng)比賽,這個(gè)問題很難回答。
3.同位語(yǔ)從句與先行詞一般可以用動(dòng)詞be發(fā)展成一個(gè)完整的句子, 而定語(yǔ)從句則不能。如:
A. The idea that he we could ask the teacher for advice is wonderful. (同位語(yǔ)從句)我們可以向老師請(qǐng)教,這個(gè)主意不錯(cuò)。
The idea was that we could ask the teacher for advice.
B. The fact that the earth moves around the sun is known to all. (同位語(yǔ)從句) 地球圍繞太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn),這個(gè)事實(shí)人人皆知。
The fact is that the earth moves around the sun.
C. Pay attention to the problem how we can protect the wild animals. (同位語(yǔ)從句) 請(qǐng)注意如何保護(hù)野生動(dòng)物這個(gè)問題。
The problem is how we can protect the wild animals.
(6)不定式的構(gòu)成
1. 不定式的構(gòu)成
不定式是由不定式符號(hào)to+動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成,在某些情況下to也可省略。
不定式一般有時(shí)式和語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化,通常有下表中的幾種形式(以do為例):
主動(dòng)式
被動(dòng)式
一般式
to do
to be done
完成式
to have done
to have been done
進(jìn)行式
to be doing
/
完成進(jìn)行式
to have been doing
/
1) 不定式的一般式
不定式的一般式所表示的動(dòng)作通常與主要謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作同時(shí)或幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生,或是在它之后發(fā)生。如:
They invited us to go there this summer. 他們邀請(qǐng)我們今年夏天去那兒。
He stood aside for me to pass. 他站到一邊讓我通過。
2) 不定式的完成式
不定式的完成式所表示的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作之后發(fā)生,它在句中可作表語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ),有時(shí)也可作主語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等。如:
She seemed to have heard about this matter. 她似乎已聽說過這件事。
I am sorry to have kept you waiting so long. 我很抱歉讓你等了這么久。
I meant to have told you about it, but I happened to have an important thing to do.
我本來想告訴你這件事的,但我碰巧有一件重要的事要做。
It has been an honor for me to have traveled so much in your country.
對(duì)我來說,在你們國(guó)家旅行這么多地方是一件很榮幸的事情。
3) 不定式的進(jìn)行式
不定式的進(jìn)行式表示正在進(jìn)行的與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。它在句中可以用作除謂語(yǔ)以外的所有成分。如:
It’s nice of you to be helping us these days. 你真好,這些天一直幫我們。
He pretended to be listening to the teacher carefully. 他假裝在認(rèn)真地聽老師講課。
We didn’t expect you to be waiting for us here. 我們沒料到你一直在這兒等我們。
4) 不定式的完成進(jìn)行式
如果不定式表示的動(dòng)作是謂語(yǔ)所表示時(shí)間之前一直進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,就需要用完成進(jìn)行式。如:
They are said to have been working in Tibet for 20 years. 據(jù)說他們已經(jīng)在西藏工作20年了。
We are happy to have been helping each other these days. 我們很高興這些天能互相幫助。
5) 動(dòng)詞不定式的否定形式是由not或never加不定式構(gòu)成。如:
Try not to be late again next time. 盡量下次不要再遲到。
He wished us never to meet her again. 他希望我們永遠(yuǎn)不要再見到她。
6) 疑問詞+動(dòng)詞不定式:
不定式和疑問詞whether, what, which, whom, where, when, how, why等連用可以在句中起名詞的作用,通常跟在tell, know, show, decide, learn, wonder, explain, advise, teach, discuss, find out等動(dòng)詞后面作賓語(yǔ),有時(shí)也可以充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等。如:
On hearing the news, he didn’t know whether to laugh or to cry.
聽到這個(gè)消息,他不知道該哭還是該笑。
When to hold the meeting has not decided. 什么時(shí)候開會(huì)還沒有決定。
The most important problem is how to get so much money.
最重要的事情是如何搞到這么多錢。
介詞后一般不直接接不定式,但可以接疑問詞+不定式短語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)。如:
Mary gave some advice on how to learn English. 瑪麗提了一些如何學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的建議。
I have no idea of how to do it. 我不知道該怎么做。
7) 不定式的被動(dòng)式:
當(dāng)不定式邏輯上的主語(yǔ)是這個(gè)不定式所表示的動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí),不定式一般要用被動(dòng)形式,to be +過去分詞和to have been +過去分詞。這些形式可以用來作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。如:
It’s a good thing for him to have been scolded by the teacher. 對(duì)他來說,被老師責(zé)備是一件好事。
They seemed to be satisfied with the result. 他們似乎對(duì)結(jié)果很滿意。
He asked to be sent to work in the countryside. 他要求被派往農(nóng)村工作。
She was the last person to have been mentioned at the meeting.
她是會(huì)上最后一個(gè)被提到的人。
I had to shout to be heard. 我不得不大喊才能被聽到。
We don’t like our friends to be laughed at from time to time. 我們不喜歡我們的朋友不時(shí)地被嘲笑。
2. 不定式的語(yǔ)法作用
1) 不定式作主語(yǔ):
To see once is better than to hear a hundred times. 百聞不如一見。
To master a foreign language is not an easy thing. 掌握一門外語(yǔ)不是一件容易的事。
在很多情況下,人們通常用it作為形式上的主語(yǔ),而把不定式短語(yǔ)移到謂語(yǔ)之后,使句子顯得平穩(wěn)一些。如:
It’s good manners to wait in line. 排隊(duì)等候是很有禮貌的。
It made us very angry to hear him speak to his mother like that. 聽到他那樣跟他媽媽說話我們很生氣。
2) 不定式作表語(yǔ):
The most important thing is to put theory into practice. 最重要的事情是把理論付諸實(shí)踐。
The greatest happiness is to work for the happiness of all. 最大的幸福就是為大家的幸福而工作。
3) 不定式作賓語(yǔ):
He wanted to know the truth. 他想知道真相。
I prefer to be starved to death rather than beg. 我寧愿被餓死也不愿乞討。
He pretended to have read the book when I asked him about it.
我問到他的時(shí)候,他假裝讀過這本書。
另外,不定式在某些復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí),人們常常用it代表不定式,而將真實(shí)賓語(yǔ)放在補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)之后。如:
Do you think it better to translate it in this way? 你認(rèn)為這樣翻譯是不是更好?
I feel it a great honor to be invited to speak at the meeting before so many students.
我覺得被邀請(qǐng)?jiān)跁?huì)上面對(duì)這么多學(xué)生發(fā)言是一件很光榮的事情。
4) 不定式作補(bǔ)語(yǔ):
①不定式可以和名詞或代詞一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ),這時(shí)不定式被稱為賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。如:
I would like you to help me with my English exercises. 我想請(qǐng)你幫我做英語(yǔ)練習(xí)。
I never expected the shoes to be worn out so soon. 我從來沒想到鞋子這么快就穿破了。
注意:動(dòng)詞help后面接不定式作賓語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)可以帶to也可以不帶to。如:
Who can help me (to) carry this heavy box? 誰(shuí)能幫我拎這個(gè)重箱子?
②在make, let, have等使役動(dòng)詞和see, watch, notice, hear, feel等感官動(dòng)詞后的復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)中,動(dòng)詞不定式不帶to。
I often hear her sing in the next room. 我經(jīng)常聽到她在隔壁唱歌。
They make the baby go to bed at 7:00 p.m. every day. 他們每天讓孩子晚上7:00上床睡覺。
注意:get, leave等詞也有“讓”“叫”的意思,和使役動(dòng)詞意思相近,但它們后面的不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)必須要有to。如:
I’ll get him to try it again. 我將讓他再試一次。
How could you leave him to have supper with a stranger?
你怎么讓他跟一個(gè)陌生人一起吃晚飯?
注意:當(dāng)使役動(dòng)詞和感官動(dòng)詞變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),不定式就成了主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ),作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的不定式必須加to。如:
Though he had often made his little sister cry, today he was made to cry by his little sister. 盡管他經(jīng)常弄哭他的小妹妹,但今天他卻被他的小妹妹弄哭了。
He is often heard to sing the song. 經(jīng)常有人聽到他唱這首歌。
③think, consider, believe, declare, suppose, find, imagine, know, understand, take, prove, feel等動(dòng)詞后面接的不定式短語(yǔ)作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)多由to be+形容詞或名詞構(gòu)成,think, consider, find后的to be??墒÷?。如:
When he woke up, she found herself (to be ) badly injured.
她醒來的時(shí)候,發(fā)現(xiàn)自己受了重傷。
I thought her (to be) nice and honest the first time I met her.
我第一次見到她的時(shí)候就認(rèn)為她人很好,很誠(chéng)實(shí)。
含有此類復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的句子變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),不定式同樣被稱之為主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。如:
The young man was considered to have great promise. 這個(gè)年輕人被認(rèn)為大有前途。
The situation was found to be quite encouraging. 形勢(shì)看來很使人鼓舞。
④以be said, be reported, be known, seem, happen, prove, appear等構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)的句子中,動(dòng)詞不定式通常也可看作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。如:
More than 20 people were reported to have been killed in the accident.
據(jù)報(bào)道,有20多個(gè)人死于事故。
I happened to be talking with him when he was hit by a car. 他被汽車撞的時(shí)候,我碰巧在和他談話。
5) 不定式作定語(yǔ):
不定式在句中作定語(yǔ)通常放在其所修飾的名詞或代詞之后,以下幾種情況常用不定式作定語(yǔ):
①能帶不定式作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞,其同源名詞可以帶不定式作定語(yǔ),常見的有attempt, decision, promise, plan, intention, failure, wish, determination等。如:
He hasn’t kept his promise to write to his parents regularly. 他沒有遵守諾言定期給他父母親寫信。
My wish to be a teacher is quite understandable. 我想成為一個(gè)教師的愿望是可以理解的。
②常與不定式搭配的形容詞,其同源名詞一般可以帶不定式作定語(yǔ),常見的有ability, anxiety, eagerness, ambition等。如:
His eagerness to finish his work in time was quite obvious.他急切地想準(zhǔn)時(shí)完成工作是很明顯的。
We admire his ability to speak a foreign language so well.
我們欣賞他能把一門外語(yǔ)說得這么好。
③序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)或被only, last, next等詞修飾的名詞可以用不定式作定語(yǔ)。如:
He is always the first person to come and the last one to leave.他總是第一個(gè)來最后一個(gè)離開。
The next person to attend the meeting is Dr. Baker.下一個(gè)出席會(huì)議的人是貝克先生。
④還有一些名詞經(jīng)常帶不定式作定語(yǔ)。如:person, man, thing, something, anything, nothing, time, way, reason, chance, courage, opportunity等。如:
We students should have the courage to face any difficulty.
我們學(xué)生應(yīng)該有勇氣面對(duì)任何困難。
He had no reason to leave his friends and live alone on the island.
他沒有理由離開他的朋友獨(dú)自住到島上去。
⑤不定式作定語(yǔ)時(shí),有時(shí)與被修飾的名詞之間有意義上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,如果該不定式動(dòng)詞是不及物動(dòng)詞,它后面需加上適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~。如:
There is nothing to worry about. 沒什么可擔(dān)心的。
There are many interesting books to choose from, but I don’t know which to borrow. 有很多有趣的書可以挑選,但我不知道該借哪一本。
6) 不定式作狀語(yǔ):
不定式作狀語(yǔ)可以表示行為的目的、結(jié)果、原因、條件等。
① 不定式作目的狀語(yǔ),有時(shí)也可以用in order (not) to, so as (not) to結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
In order to protect the young plants from the sun, Mother put them in the shade.
為了保護(hù)幼苗不被太陽(yáng)曬壞,媽媽把它們放到了陰涼處。
He got up very early this morning so as not to be late for school again.
今天早上他起身很早以免上學(xué)再遲到。
注意:so as (not) to do不可以置于句首。
②不定式作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ),常見的結(jié)構(gòu)有too…to, enough…to, so…as to, such…as to, only to…等。如:
The question is too difficult for me to answer. 對(duì)我來說,這個(gè)問題很難回答。
He said he was clever enough to deal with it by himself.他說他足夠聰明可以獨(dú)自應(yīng)付這件事。
Will you be so kind as to turn down the radio? 請(qǐng)你幫我把收音機(jī)調(diào)低一點(diǎn)好嗎?
He woke up only to find himself in hospital. 他醒來發(fā)現(xiàn)自己在醫(yī)院里。
注意:too…to通常表示太……而不……,但在下列句子中沒有否定的意思。
She is only too glad to stay at home. 她太想留在家里了。
He is too anxious to know the examination results. 他很急切地想知道考試結(jié)果。
③不定式作原因狀語(yǔ),通常用來修飾表示情感、心理狀態(tài)、性格等的形容詞。常見的形容詞有:happy, glad, lucky, fortunate, surprised, angry, anxious, ready, quick, slow, cruel, clever, frightened, shocked, sorry, eager, proud, disappointed, foolish, impatient, unwise, naughty等。如:
They are surprised to learn of his death. 得知他死亡的消息,他們很驚訝。
We are proud to be young people of new China. 成為新中國(guó)的青年,我們感到很驕傲。
另外,hard, difficult, easy, fit,comfortable等詞也可以接動(dòng)詞不定式。這時(shí)候,作句子主語(yǔ)的除了是表示人的詞外,還可以是表示物的詞。如:
The water is not fit to drink. 這水不適合飲用。
The room is very comfortable to live in. 這個(gè)房間住起來很舒服。
注意:后兩句中的不定式與句子的主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)之間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,此時(shí)如果不定式動(dòng)詞是不及物動(dòng)詞,則需要帶上適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~。