ORACLE日期時(shí)間函數(shù)大全
TO_DATE格式(以時(shí)間:2007-11-02 13:45:25為例) Year: yy two digits 兩位年 顯示值:07 yyy three digits 三位年 顯示值:007 yyyy four digits 四位年 顯示值:2007 Month: mm number 兩位月 顯示值:11 mon abbreviated 字符集表示 顯示值:11月,若是英文版,顯示nov month spelled out 字符集表示 顯示值:11月,若是英文版,顯示november Day: dd number 當(dāng)月第幾天 顯示值:02 ddd number 當(dāng)年第幾天 顯示值:02 dy abbreviated 當(dāng)周第幾天簡寫 顯示值:星期五,若是英文版,顯示fri day spelled out 當(dāng)周第幾天全寫 顯示值:星期五,若是英文版,顯示friday ddspth spelled out, ordinal twelfth Hour: hh two digits 12小時(shí)進(jìn)制 顯示值:01 hh24 two digits 24小時(shí)進(jìn)制 顯示值:13 Minute: mi two digits 60進(jìn)制 顯示值:45 Second: ss two digits 60進(jìn)制 顯示值:25 其它 Q digit 季度 顯示值:4 WW digit 當(dāng)年第幾周 顯示值:44 W digit 當(dāng)月第幾周 顯示值:1 24小時(shí)格式下時(shí)間范圍為: 0:00:00 - 23:59:59.... 12小時(shí)格式下時(shí)間范圍為: 1:00:00 - 12:59:59 .... 1. 日期和字符轉(zhuǎn)換函數(shù)用法(to_date,to_char) select to_char(sysdate,'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') as nowTime from dual; //日期轉(zhuǎn)化為字符串 select to_char(sysdate,'yyyy') as nowYear from dual; //獲取時(shí)間的年 select to_char(sysdate,'mm') as nowMonth from dual; //獲取時(shí)間的月 select to_char(sysdate,'dd') as nowDay from dual; //獲取時(shí)間的日 select to_char(sysdate,'hh24') as nowHour from dual; //獲取時(shí)間的時(shí) select to_char(sysdate,'mi') as nowMinute from dual; //獲取時(shí)間的分 select to_char(sysdate,'ss') as nowSecond from dual; //獲取時(shí)間的秒
select to_date('2004-05-07 13:23:44','yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') from dual//
2. select to_char( to_date(222,'J'),'Jsp') from dual 顯示Two Hundred Twenty-Two
3.求某天是星期幾 select to_char(to_date('2002-08-26','yyyy-mm-dd'),'day') from dual; 星期一 select to_char(to_date('2002-08-26','yyyy-mm-dd'),'day','NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE = American') from dual; monday 設(shè)置日期語言 ALTER SESSION SET NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE='AMERICAN'; 也可以這樣 TO_DATE ('2002-08-26', 'YYYY-mm-dd', 'NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE = American')
4. 兩個(gè)日期間的天數(shù) select floor(sysdate - to_date('20020405','yyyymmdd')) from dual;
5. 時(shí)間為null的用法 select id, active_date from table1 UNION select 1, TO_DATE(null) from dual; 注意要用TO_DATE(null)
6.月份差 a_date between to_date('20011201','yyyymmdd') and to_date('20011231','yyyymmdd') 那么12月31號中午12點(diǎn)之后和12月1號的12點(diǎn)之前是不包含在這個(gè)范圍之內(nèi)的。 所以,當(dāng)時(shí)間需要精確的時(shí)候,覺得to_char還是必要的 7. 日期格式?jīng)_突問題 輸入的格式要看你安裝的ORACLE字符集的類型, 比如: US7ASCII, date格式的類型就是: '01-Jan-01' alter system set NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE = American alter session set NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE = American 或者在to_date中寫 select to_char(to_date('2002-08-26','yyyy-mm-dd'),'day','NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE = American') from dual; 注意我這只是舉了NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE,當(dāng)然還有很多, 可查看 select * from nls_session_parameters select * from V$NLS_PARAMETERS
8. select count(*) from ( select rownum-1 rnum from all_objects where rownum <= to_date('2002-02-28','yyyy-mm-dd') - to_date('2002- 02-01','yyyy-mm-dd')+1 ) where to_char( to_date('2002-02-01','yyyy-mm-dd')+rnum-1, 'D' ) not in ( '1', '7' ) 查找2002-02-28至2002-02-01間除星期一和七的天數(shù) 在前后分別調(diào)用DBMS_UTILITY.GET_TIME, 讓后將結(jié)果相減(得到的是1/100秒, 而不是毫秒).
9. 查找月份 select months_between(to_date('01-31-1999','MM-DD-YYYY'),to_date('12-31-1998','MM-DD-YYYY')) "MONTHS" FROM DUAL; 1 select months_between(to_date('02-01-1999','MM-DD-YYYY'),to_date('12-31-1998','MM-DD-YYYY')) "MONTHS" FROM DUAL; 1.03225806451613 10. Next_day的用法 Next_day(date, day) Monday-Sunday, for format code DAY Mon-Sun, for format code DY 1-7, for format code D
11 select to_char(sysdate,'hh:mi:ss') TIME from all_objects 注意:第一條記錄的TIME 與最后一行是一樣的 可以建立一個(gè)函數(shù)來處理這個(gè)問題 create or replace function sys_date return date is begin return sysdate; end; select to_char(sys_date,'hh:mi:ss') from all_objects; 12.獲得小時(shí)數(shù) extract()找出日期或間隔值的字段值 SELECT EXTRACT(HOUR FROM TIMESTAMP '2001-02-16 2:38:40') from offer SQL> select sysdate ,to_char(sysdate,'hh') from dual; SYSDATE TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'HH') -------------------- --------------------- 2003-10-13 19:35:21 07 SQL> select sysdate ,to_char(sysdate,'hh24') from dual; SYSDATE TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'HH24') -------------------- ----------------------- 2003-10-13 19:35:21 19
13.年月日的處理 select older_date, newer_date, years, months, abs( trunc( newer_date- add_months( older_date,years*12+months ) ) ) days from ( select trunc(months_between( newer_date, older_date )/12) YEARS, mod(trunc(months_between( newer_date, older_date )),12 ) MONTHS, newer_date, older_date from ( select hiredate older_date, add_months(hiredate,rownum)+rownum newer_date from emp ) )
14.處理月份天數(shù)不定的辦法 select to_char(add_months(last_day(sysdate) +1, -2), 'yyyymmdd'),last_day(sysdate) from dual
16.找出今年的天數(shù) select add_months(trunc(sysdate,'year'), 12) - trunc(sysdate,'year') from dual
閏年的處理方法 to_char( last_day( to_date('02' | | :year,'mmyyyy') ), 'dd' ) 如果是28就不是閏年
17.yyyy與rrrr的區(qū)別 'YYYY99 TO_C ------- ---- yyyy 99 0099 rrrr 99 1999 yyyy 01 0001 rrrr 01 2001
18.不同時(shí)區(qū)的處理 select to_char( NEW_TIME( sysdate, 'GMT','EST'), 'dd/mm/yyyy hh:mi:ss') ,sysdate from dual;
19.5秒鐘一個(gè)間隔 Select TO_DATE(FLOOR(TO_CHAR(sysdate,'SSSSS')/300) * 300,'SSSSS') ,TO_CHAR(sysdate,'SSSSS') from dual
2002-11-1 9:55:00 35786 SSSSS表示5位秒數(shù)
20.一年的第幾天 select TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'DDD'),sysdate from dual 310 2002-11-6 10:03:51
21.計(jì)算小時(shí),分,秒,毫秒 select Days, A, TRUNC(A*24) Hours, TRUNC(A*24*60 - 60*TRUNC(A*24)) Minutes, TRUNC(A*24*60*60 - 60*TRUNC(A*24*60)) Seconds, TRUNC(A*24*60*60*100 - 100*TRUNC(A*24*60*60)) mSeconds from ( select trunc(sysdate) Days, sysdate - trunc(sysdate) A from dual )
select * from tabname order by decode(mode,'FIFO',1,-1)*to_char(rq,'yyyymmddhh24miss'); // floor((date2-date1) /365) 作為年 floor((date2-date1, 365) /30) 作為月 d(mod(date2-date1, 365), 30)作為日.
23.next_day函數(shù) 返回下個(gè)星期的日期,day為1-7或星期日-星期六,1表示星期日 next_day(sysdate,6)是從當(dāng)前開始下一個(gè)星期五。后面的數(shù)字是從星期日開始算起。 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 日 一 二 三 四 五 六 --------------------------------------------------------------- select (sysdate-to_date('2003-12-03 12:55:45','yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss'))*24*60*60 from ddual 日期 返回的是天 然后 轉(zhuǎn)換為ss 24,round[舍入到最接近的日期](day:舍入到最接近的星期日) select sysdate S1, round(sysdate) S2 , round(sysdate,'year') YEAR, round(sysdate,'month') MONTH , round(sysdate,'day') DAY from dual
25,trunc[截?cái)嗟阶罱咏娜掌?單位為天] ,返回的是日期類型 select sysdate S1, trunc(sysdate) S2, //返回當(dāng)前日期,無時(shí)分秒 trunc(sysdate,'year') YEAR, //返回當(dāng)前年的1月1日,無時(shí)分秒 trunc(sysdate,'month') MONTH , //返回當(dāng)前月的1日,無時(shí)分秒 trunc(sysdate,'day') DAY //返回當(dāng)前星期的星期天,無時(shí)分秒 from dual
26,返回日期列表中最晚日期 select greatest('01-1月-04','04-1月-04','10-2月-04') from dual
27.計(jì)算時(shí)間差 注:oracle時(shí)間差是以天數(shù)為單位,所以換算成年月,日 select floor(to_number(sysdate-to_date('2007-11-02 15:55:03','yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss'))/365) as spanYears from dual //時(shí)間差-年 select ceil(moths_between(sysdate-to_date('2007-11-02 15:55:03','yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss'))) as spanMonths from dual //時(shí)間差-月 select floor(to_number(sysdate-to_date('2007-11-02 15:55:03','yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss'))) as spanDays from dual //時(shí)間差-天 select floor(to_number(sysdate-to_date('2007-11-02 15:55:03','yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss'))*24) as spanHours from dual //時(shí)間差-時(shí) select floor(to_number(sysdate-to_date('2007-11-02 15:55:03','yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss'))*24*60) as spanMinutes from dual //時(shí)間差-分 select floor(to_number(sysdate-to_date('2007-11-02 15:55:03','yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss'))*24*60*60) as spanSeconds from dual //時(shí)間差-秒
28.更新時(shí)間 注:oracle時(shí)間加減是以天數(shù)為單位,設(shè)改變量為n,所以換算成年月,日 select to_char(sysdate,'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss'),to_char(sysdate+n*365,'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') as newTime from dual //改變時(shí)間-年 select to_char(sysdate,'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss'),add_months(sysdate,n) as newTime from dual //改變時(shí)間-月 select to_char(sysdate,'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss'),to_char(sysdate+n,'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') as newTime from dual //改變時(shí)間-日 select to_char(sysdate,'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss'),to_char(sysdate+n/24,'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') as newTime from dual //改變時(shí)間-時(shí) select to_char(sysdate,'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss'),to_char(sysdate+n/24/60,'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') as newTime from dual //改變時(shí)間-分 select to_char(sysdate,'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss'),to_char(sysdate+n/24/60/60,'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') as newTime from dual //改變時(shí)間-秒
29.查找月的第一天,最后一天 SELECT Trunc(Trunc(SYSDATE, 'MONTH') - 1, 'MONTH') First_Day_Last_Month, Trunc(SYSDATE, 'MONTH') - 1 / 86400 Last_Day_Last_Month, Trunc(SYSDATE, 'MONTH') First_Day_Cur_Month, LAST_DAY(Trunc(SYSDATE, 'MONTH')) + 1 - 1 / 86400 Last_Day_Cur_Month FROM dual;
三. 字符函數(shù)(可用于字面字符或數(shù)據(jù)庫列)
1,字符串截取 select substr('abcdef',1,3) from dual
2,查找子串位置 select instr('abcfdgfdhd','fd') from dual
3,字符串連接 select 'HELLO'||'hello world' from dual;
4, 1)去掉字符串中的空格 select ltrim(' abc') s1, rtrim('zhang ') s2, trim(' zhang ') s3 from dual 2)去掉前導(dǎo)和后綴 select trim(leading 9 from 9998767999) s1, trim(trailing 9 from 9998767999) s2, trim(9 from 9998767999) s3 from dual; 5,返回字符串首字母的Ascii值 select ascii('a') from dual
6,返回ascii值對應(yīng)的字母 select chr(97) from dual
7,計(jì)算字符串長度 select length('abcdef') from dual
8,initcap(首字母變大寫) ,lower(變小寫),upper(變大寫) select lower('ABC') s1, upper('def') s2, initcap('efg') s3 from dual;
9,Replace select replace('abc','b','xy') from dual;
10,translate select translate('abc','b','xx') from dual; -- x是1位
11,lpad [左添充] rpad [右填充](用于控制輸出格式) select lpad('func',15,'=') s1, rpad('func',15,'-') s2 from dual; select lpad(dname,14,'=') from dept;
12, decode[實(shí)現(xiàn)if ..then 邏輯] 注:第一個(gè)是表達(dá)式,最后一個(gè)是不滿足任何一個(gè)條件的值 select deptno,decode(deptno,10,'1',20,'2',30,'3','其他') from dept; 例: select seed,account_name,decode(seed,111,1000,200,2000,0) from t_userInfo//如果seed為111,則取1000;為200,取2000;其它取0 select seed,account_name,decode(sign(seed-111),1,'big seed',-1,'little seed','equal seed') from t_userInfo//如果seed>111,則顯示大;為200,則顯示小;其它則顯
示相等
13 case[實(shí)現(xiàn)switch ..case 邏輯] SELECT CASE X-FIELD WHEN X-FIELD < 40 THEN 'X-FIELD 小于 40' WHEN X-FIELD < 50 THEN 'X-FIELD 小于 50' WHEN X-FIELD < 60 THEN 'X-FIELD 小于 60' ELSE 'UNBEKNOWN' END FROM DUAL 注:CASE語句在處理類似問題就顯得非常靈活。當(dāng)只是需要匹配少量數(shù)值時(shí),用Decode更為簡潔。
四.數(shù)字函數(shù) 1,取整函數(shù)(ceil 向上取整,floor 向下取整) select ceil(66.6) N1,floor(66.6) N2 from dual;
2, 取冪(power) 和 求平方根(sqrt) select power(3,2) N1,sqrt(9) N2 from dual;
3,求余 select mod(9,5) from dual;
4,返回固定小數(shù)位數(shù) (round:四舍五入,trunc:直接截?cái)? select round(66.667,2) N1,trunc(66.667,2) N2 from dual;
5,返回值的符號(正數(shù)返回為1,負(fù)數(shù)為-1) select sign(-32),sign(293) from dual;
五.轉(zhuǎn)換函數(shù) 1,to_char()[將日期和數(shù)字類型轉(zhuǎn)換成字符類型] 1) select to_char(sysdate) s1, to_char(sysdate,'yyyy-mm-dd') s2, to_char(sysdate,'yyyy') s3, to_char(sysdate,'yyyy-mm-dd hh12:mi:ss') s4, to_char(sysdate, 'hh24:mi:ss') s5, to_char(sysdate,'DAY') s6 from dual; 2) select sal,to_char(sal,'$99999') n1,to_char(sal,'$99,999') n2 from emp
2, to_date()[將字符類型轉(zhuǎn)換為日期類型] insert into emp(empno,hiredate) values(8000,to_date('2004-10-10','yyyy-mm-dd')); 3, to_number() 轉(zhuǎn)換為數(shù)字類型 select to_number(to_char(sysdate,'hh12')) from dual; //以數(shù)字顯示的小時(shí)數(shù) 六.其他函數(shù) 1.user: 返回登錄的用戶名稱 select user from dual; 2.vsize: 返回表達(dá)式所需的字節(jié)數(shù) select vsize('HELLO') from dual; 3.nvl(ex1,ex2): ex1值為空則返回ex2,否則返回該值本身ex1(常用) 例:如果雇員沒有傭金,將顯示0,否則顯示傭金 select comm,nvl(comm,0) from emp; 4.nullif(ex1,ex2): 值相等返空,否則返回第一個(gè)值 例:如果工資和傭金相等,則顯示空,否則顯示工資 select nullif(sal,comm),sal,comm from emp; 5.coalesce: 返回列表中第一個(gè)非空表達(dá)式 select comm,sal,coalesce(comm,sal,sal*10) from emp; 6.nvl2(ex1,ex2,ex3) : 如果ex1不為空,顯示ex2,否則顯示ex3 如:查看有傭金的雇員姓名以及他們的傭金 select nvl2(comm,ename,') as HaveCommName,comm from emp; 七.分組函數(shù) max min avg count sum 1,整個(gè)結(jié)果集是一個(gè)組 1) 求部門30 的最高工資,最低工資,平均工資,總?cè)藬?shù),有工作的人數(shù),工種數(shù)量及工資總和 select max(ename),max(sal), min(ename),min(sal), avg(sal), count(*) ,count(job),count(distinct(job)) , sum(sal) from emp where deptno=30; 2, 帶group by 和 having 的分組 1)按部門分組求最高工資,最低工資,總?cè)藬?shù),有工作的人數(shù),工種數(shù)量及工資總和 select deptno, max(ename),max(sal), min(ename),min(sal), avg(sal), count(*) ,count(job),count(distinct(job)) , sum(sal) from emp group by deptno; 2)部門30的最高工資,最低工資,總?cè)藬?shù),有工作的人數(shù),工種數(shù)量及工資總和 select deptno, max(ename),max(sal), min(ename),min(sal), avg(sal), count(*) ,count(job),count(distinct(job)) , sum(sal) from emp group by deptno having deptno=30; 3, stddev 返回一組值的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差 select deptno,stddev(sal) from emp group by deptno; variance 返回一組值的方差差 select deptno,variance(sal) from emp group by deptno;
4, 帶有rollup和cube操作符的Group By rollup 按分組的第一個(gè)列進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)和最后的小計(jì) cube 按分組的所有列的進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)和最后的小計(jì) select deptno,job ,sum(sal) from emp group by deptno,job; select deptno,job ,sum(sal) from emp group by rollup(deptno,job); cube 產(chǎn)生組內(nèi)所有列的統(tǒng)計(jì)和最后的小計(jì) select deptno,job ,sum(sal) from emp group by cube(deptno,job);
八、臨時(shí)表 只在會話期間或在事務(wù)處理期間存在的表. 臨時(shí)表在插入數(shù)據(jù)時(shí),動態(tài)分配空間 create global temporary table temp_dept (dno number, dname varchar2(10)) on commit delete rows; insert into temp_dept values(10,'ABC'); commit; select * from temp_dept; --無數(shù)據(jù)顯示,數(shù)據(jù)自動清除 on commit preserve rows:在會話期間表一直可以存在(保留數(shù)據(jù)) on commit delete rows:事務(wù)結(jié)束清除數(shù)據(jù)(在事務(wù)結(jié)束時(shí)自動刪除表的數(shù)據(jù))
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