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前 言：
教習(xí)過好幾門課程，深感寫作這一課是最難教的，“危乎高哉！‘寫作’之難難于上青天。……一夫當(dāng)關(guān)，萬夫莫開。”學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語寫作多時(shí)，大多不能迥脫蹊徑之外，工而入逸者更是寥寥。于是我悲觀起來，認(rèn)定“文不可以‘教’而能”。雖說文字和技法可以也應(yīng)當(dāng)教一些，俾學(xué)生邯鄲學(xué)步，漸次入門，但就本質(zhì)特征而論，寫作遠(yuǎn)不只是一個(gè)章法和技巧的問題，而是“氣之所行”，是皮相之下許多深層主觀因素的綜合，是一個(gè)厚積薄發(fā)的養(yǎng)成過程。這些主觀因素，在我看來，體現(xiàn)在國內(nèi)的英語寫作考試當(dāng)中只局限于素心爛讀的積累。 Reading makes a full man.這是英國學(xué)者的傳世之言，我們的祖先說“讀書破萬卷，下筆如有神”。我們贊嘆一篇文章，往往是因?yàn)槲覀儽晃恼轮械恼Z言所吸引、所征服：語匯豐富、句式整齊、語言或精練或華麗，句式安排熟練自如，自然流暢；而者只能來自于 reading。但是我們已沒有那么多的時(shí)間去“讀”了，于是乎，語言的總結(jié)就變得極其必要！ 要?dú)w納記敘文中漂亮、地道的語言是困難的，但是要?dú)w納論說文這個(gè)各種英語考試的作文類型中的語言不是不可能的。論說文是由開頭、結(jié)尾、啟轉(zhuǎn)、分析、舉例、比較等部分所組成的，其中都有些固定而漂亮的句型來表達(dá)。由于這些句型都是地道的英語，是經(jīng)過千錘百煉，且能表達(dá)論說文寫作中的不同意思，若能把以論說文為主的當(dāng)代英語essays中的這些句型摘錄歸納成類，供讀者參考，無疑是能有助于提高英語寫作的語言水平。 模仿和學(xué)用漂亮和地道的英語表達(dá)法或句型并不是可恥的事。地道的英語不應(yīng)是你用學(xué)過的詞匯和語法規(guī)則按某個(gè)意思苦苦思索造出來的，地道的英語應(yīng)是你把英美人對這個(gè)意思的習(xí)慣說法用到你自己的文章上來的。該講義收集了論說文常用的一些句型，與六級(jí)考試的一些文章結(jié)構(gòu)模式；希望同學(xué)們能以此為依據(jù)，Practice makes perfect，達(dá)到熟能生巧的境界，從而在六級(jí)考試作文部分獲得理想的分?jǐn)?shù)！ 寫作原則 內(nèi)容簡單化 結(jié)構(gòu)模式化（主題句-分論點(diǎn)-總結(jié)） 語言要包裝 錯(cuò)誤要回避 萬能理由 (Omnipotence)： 1、方便：convenient/convenience 2、效率：efficient/efficiently/efficiency 3、節(jié)省和浪費(fèi)：save time/money/space; economical, thrift waste time/money/space; costly, lavish 4：人的心理健康：independent, cooperative, competitive, considerate, confident, creative, sociable, perseverance; selfish, isolated, conservative 5、人的身體健康：health, disease, strong, strength, energetic 6、娛樂：colorful, pleasure, joy, recreation, entertainment, relax tired, boring, lonely 7、環(huán)境：environment, pollute, poisonous, dirty 8、安全和危險(xiǎn)：safe, danger, risk 9：經(jīng)驗(yàn)：experience, social experience, enter the society 10、人際：humane, fair, unfair, help, assist, freedom, freely 基本表達(dá)(Basic Elements of English Writing)： 越來越：be increasingly + adj., be on the rise, the growing number of 人們認(rèn)為：it is generally/widely believed/held/agreed that 許多問題：a host of/a number of problems 引起人們注意：claim call/attract general/public/world attention to sth. 意識(shí)到：there is a growing awareness/realization of/that, awaken sb. to the fact/danger 適應(yīng)新的形勢/變化：adapt/adjust/accommodate oneself to new environment/change 接觸各種思想/經(jīng)歷：be exposed to new ideas/experiences/problems 接觸社會(huì)：come into frequent/close contact with the world/society 獲得成功：achieve/accomplish success 提出觀點(diǎn)/建議：advance / put forward / come up with the arguments/ideas/suggestions 作出努力：make tremendous/persistent/sustained effort to do sth., take great pains to do(with work/study) 影響學(xué)習(xí)/工作：interfere with studies/work 產(chǎn)生影響：have/exert a profound influence on life/personality, have a dramatic/undesirable effect on 較好地駕馭生活：be a better pilot of one‘s life 剝奪機(jī)會(huì)/權(quán)力：deprive oneself of the chance/right/opportunity 取代就的方式：substitute for/take the place of the old way 采取措施：take effective steps/measures to 控制我們的環(huán)境：take/gain increasing control over our own environment 躲避危險(xiǎn)/挑戰(zhàn)：shy/run away from the dangers/challenge 滿足要求：meet/satisfy/accommodate the demand of 補(bǔ)償損失：compensate for/make up for the loss/damage 解釋某現(xiàn)象：account for/explain the phenomenon 對……很好的了解：have a better understanding/appreciation of, have a new perspective on. provide/gain an insight into 把某因素考慮進(jìn)去：take sth. Into account(consideration), give much thought to 品位人生/自由/青春：savor the life/freedom/youth 培養(yǎng)對……的信心：develop/foster one‘s interest/confidence in 經(jīng)歷變化/困難/艱險(xiǎn)：undergo/experience great changes/hardships/experience 表現(xiàn)出自信心等：project one‘s confidence/feeling/image 生活充滿不公正的地方：life is full of minor irritation/injustice 追求學(xué)習(xí)/職業(yè)：pursue one‘s academic interest/professional career 學(xué)習(xí)知識(shí)/技術(shù)：pursue/acquire knowledge/technology/skill 被看作學(xué)習(xí)的……榜樣：be held up as a good example 交流經(jīng)驗(yàn)/知識(shí)：share experience/ideas/problems/knowledge 發(fā)揮/起到重要作用：play an (important/active/great) role/part 逃學(xué)/缺課：skip school/a class/a meeting/a lecture 知識(shí)/經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富：rich in knowledge/experience 確立/追求目標(biāo)：set/pursue a goal/higher standard 到達(dá)目標(biāo)：achieve/accomplish/stain the goal/aim/objective 克服困難：overcome obstacles/difficulty 面臨危險(xiǎn)/困難：be confronted/faced with/in the face of danger/difficulty 阻礙了成功：stand in the way of success, be an obstacle/barrier to success/growth 阻礙了發(fā)展：hamper/impede/stunt the development of 持傳統(tǒng)的看法：hold conventional wisdom 發(fā)表看法：voice/express one‘s opinion 持相反/合理的觀點(diǎn)：take the opposite/fresh view 揭穿某種一貫的說法：shatter the myth of 求得幫助：enlist one‘s support/help 縮小差別：bridge/narrow/fill the gap/gulf (between city and country) 把成功/錯(cuò)誤歸咎于：attribute/own the success/failure to 對……重要：be indispensable/important/vital to 施加壓力：put/exert a academic pressure on 重視：assign/attach much importance/significance to 強(qiáng)調(diào)：place/put much emphasis/stress/value on 把注意力集中在：focus/concentrate one‘s attention/efforts/thoughts upon 提供機(jī)會(huì)/信息：provide/offer/furnish an opportunity/information for sb. 抓住機(jī)會(huì)：grab/seize/take the opportunity 得到機(jī)會(huì)：enjoy/gain access to a opportunity/information 有可能：there is (little/much) possibility/likelihood that, chances/the odds are that 展開競爭：compete against/with sb. for the prize/position/control/the mastery of 開展運(yùn)動(dòng)：conduct(carryon/undertake/initiate/launch/wage) a (vigorous/nation-wide/publicity/advertising) campaign (for/against) 對我很有/沒有什么意義：make much/little sense to me 帶來無窮的幸福/滿足：be a source of happiness satisfaction/contentment/pride/complaint 獻(xiàn)身于：devote/dedicate/commit oneself to a cause/career 大不（沒什么）兩樣：make much(little/no) difference 真正重要的是：what really matters/accounts is … 改變生活旅程：change/alter the course of life 建立在大量的學(xué)習(xí)/實(shí)踐上：built on tremendous amount of study/practice 進(jìn)行調(diào)查/執(zhí)行任務(wù)：conduct/carry out an study/task/experiment 辭去工作/學(xué)習(xí)：leave/quit one‘s job/work/school 參加考試/競賽等：enter (for) the examination/contest, race 參加活動(dòng)/討論：take part/participate/be engaged in sports/activities/discussion 影響思想/態(tài)度/事件的形成：shape one‘s thinking/attitude 進(jìn)入大學(xué)/社會(huì)/家庭/勞力市場/職業(yè)：enter a school/college/society/the work force/professionals 實(shí)現(xiàn)自己的理想/愿望：realize/fulfill/achieve one‘s dream(hops/wish/desire) 減輕壓力/緊張：reduce/alleviate/relieve the stress/pressure/tension 提高社會(huì)地位：enhance/improve/upgrade social status/position/standing rise to the position of leadership 提高技術(shù)/能力：sharpen (increase/improve/enhance/boost) one‘s skill/ability 加快/促進(jìn)發(fā)展：accelerate/facilitate/advance/enhance/boost the development of 隨著生活節(jié)奏的加快：with the quickening pace/rhythm/tempo of modern life/society 開闊眼界/興趣：broaden one‘s interest/outlook, expand(broaden/enlarge) one‘s mental horizons 有助于了解/發(fā)展/宣傳/解決：contribute much/little/greatly/to a better understanding of/the popularity of/the growth of/the solution of 有助于解決問題：go a long way to(towards) solving the problem 迷戀名利/分?jǐn)?shù)：be obsessed/preoccupied with grades/fame/fortune 把時(shí)間花/浪費(fèi)在：spend/waste time doing sth., put in hours doing sth. 利用機(jī)會(huì)/技術(shù)：make (full/better) use of/take advantage of opportunity/time, tap/harness technology potential/skills/talent 把知識(shí)/經(jīng)驗(yàn)運(yùn)用到…：apply/put the theory/knowledge/experience… to practice/daily life/good use 取得進(jìn)步：make much progress/strides/gains in 充分發(fā)揮潛力/能力：develop one‘s ability/potential to the full, give full play to one‘s ability 充滿激情/渴望：have a burning desire/a great passion for |
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