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深入淺出Win32多線程程序設(shè)計(jì)之綜合實(shí)例

 bluecrystal 2006-08-15
本章我們將以工業(yè)控制和嵌入式系統(tǒng)中運(yùn)用極為廣泛的串口通信為例講述多線程的典型應(yīng)用。

  而網(wǎng)絡(luò)通信也是多線程應(yīng)用最廣泛的領(lǐng)域之一,所以本章的最后一節(jié)也將對多線程網(wǎng)絡(luò)通信進(jìn)行簡短的描述。

  1.串口通信

  在工業(yè)控制系統(tǒng)中,工控機(jī)(一般都基于PC Windows平臺)經(jīng)常需要與單片機(jī)通過串口進(jìn)行通信。因此,操作和使用PC的串口成為大多數(shù)單片機(jī)、嵌入式系統(tǒng)領(lǐng)域工程師必須具備的能力。

  串口的使用需要通過三個(gè)步驟來完成的:

 ?。?) 打開通信端口;

 ?。?) 初始化串口,設(shè)置波特率、數(shù)據(jù)位、停止位、奇偶校驗(yàn)等參數(shù)。為了給讀者一個(gè)直觀的印象,下圖從Windows的"控制面板->系統(tǒng)->設(shè)備管理器->通信端口(COM1)"打開COM的設(shè)置窗口:



  (3) 讀寫串口。

  在WIN32平臺下,對通信端口進(jìn)行操作跟基本的文件操作一樣。

  創(chuàng)建/打開COM資源

  下列函數(shù)如果調(diào)用成功,則返回一個(gè)標(biāo)識通信端口的句柄,否則返回-1:

HADLE CreateFile(PCTSTR lpFileName, //通信端口名,如"COM1"
WORD dwDesiredAccess, //對資源的訪問類型
WORD dwShareMode, //指定共享模式,COM不能共享,該參數(shù)為0
PSECURITY_ATTRIBUTES lpSecurityAttributes,
//安全描述符指針,可為NULL
WORD dwCreationDisposition, //創(chuàng)建方式
WORD dwFlagsAndAttributes, //文件屬性,可為NULL
HANDLE hTemplateFile //模板文件句柄,置為NULL
);

  獲得/設(shè)置COM屬性

  下列函數(shù)可以獲得COM口的設(shè)備控制塊,從而獲得相關(guān)參數(shù):

BOOL WINAPI GetCommState(
 HANDLE hFile, //標(biāo)識通信端口的句柄
 LPDCB lpDCB //指向一個(gè)設(shè)備控制塊(DCB結(jié)構(gòu))的指針
);

  如果要調(diào)整通信端口的參數(shù),則需要重新配置設(shè)備控制塊,再用WIN32 API SetCommState()函數(shù)進(jìn)行設(shè)置:

BOOL SetCommState(
 HANDLE hFile, //標(biāo)識通信端口的句柄
 LPDCB lpDCB //指向一個(gè)設(shè)備控制塊(DCB結(jié)構(gòu))的指針
);

  DCB結(jié)構(gòu)包含了串口的各項(xiàng)參數(shù)設(shè)置,如下:

typedef struct _DCB
{
 // dcb
 DWORD DCBlength; // sizeof(DCB)
 DWORD BaudRate; // current baud rate
 DWORD fBinary: 1; // binary mode, no EOF check
 DWORD fParity: 1; // enable parity checking
 DWORD fOutxCtsFlow: 1; // CTS output flow control
 DWORD fOutxDsrFlow: 1; // DSR output flow control
 DWORD fDtrControl: 2; // DTR flow control type
 DWORD fDsrSensitivity: 1; // DSR sensitivity
 DWORD fTXContinueOnXoff: 1; // XOFF continues Tx
 DWORD fOutX: 1; // XON/XOFF out flow control
 DWORD fInX: 1; // XON/XOFF in flow control
 DWORD fErrorChar: 1; // enable error replacement
 DWORD fNull: 1; // enable null stripping
 DWORD fRtsControl: 2; // RTS flow control
 DWORD fAbortOnError: 1; // abort reads/writes on error
 DWORD fDummy2: 17; // reserved
 WORD wReserved; // not currently used
 WORD XonLim; // transmit XON threshold
 WORD XoffLim; // transmit XOFF threshold
 BYTE ByteSize; // number of bits/byte, 4-8
 BYTE Parity; // 0-4=no,odd,even,mark,space
 BYTE StopBits; // 0,1,2 = 1, 1.5, 2
 char XonChar; // Tx and Rx XON character
 char XoffChar; // Tx and Rx XOFF character
 char ErrorChar; // error replacement character
 char EofChar; // end of input character
 char EvtChar; // received event character
 WORD wReserved1; // reserved; do not use
} DCB;

  讀寫串口

  在讀寫串口之前,還要用PurgeComm()函數(shù)清空緩沖區(qū),并用SetCommMask ()函數(shù)設(shè)置事件掩模來監(jiān)視指定通信端口上的事件,其原型為:

BOOL SetCommMask(
 HANDLE hFile, //標(biāo)識通信端口的句柄
 DWORD dwEvtMask //能夠使能的通信事件
);

  串口上可能發(fā)生的事件如下表所示:

事件描述
EV_BREAK A break was detected on input.
EV_CTS The CTS (clear-to-send) signal changed state.
EV_DSR The DSR(data-set-ready) signal changed state.
EV_ERR A line-status error occurred. Line-status errors are CE_FRAME, CE_OVERRUN, and CE_RXPARITY.
EV_RING A ring indicator was detected.
EV_RLSD The RLSD (receive-line-signal-detect) signal changed state.
EV_RXCHAR A character was received and placed in the input buffer.
EV_RXFLAG The event character was received and placed in the input buffer. The event character is specified in the device‘s DCB structure, which is applied to a serial port by using the SetCommState function.
EV_TXEMPTY The last character in the output buffer was sent.

  在設(shè)置好事件掩模后,我們就可以利用WaitCommEvent()函數(shù)來等待串口上發(fā)生事件,其函數(shù)原型為:

BOOL WaitCommEvent(
 HANDLE hFile, //標(biāo)識通信端口的句柄
 LPDWORD lpEvtMask, //指向存放事件標(biāo)識變量的指針
 LPOVERLAPPED lpOverlapped, // 指向overlapped結(jié)構(gòu)
);

  我們可以在發(fā)生事件后,根據(jù)相應(yīng)的事件類型,進(jìn)行串口的讀寫操作:

BOOL ReadFile(HANDLE hFile, //標(biāo)識通信端口的句柄
 LPVOID lpBuffer, //輸入數(shù)據(jù)Buffer指針
 DWORD nNumberOfBytesToRead, // 需要讀取的字節(jié)數(shù)
 LPDWORD lpNumberOfBytesRead, //實(shí)際讀取的字節(jié)數(shù)指針
 LPOVERLAPPED lpOverlapped //指向overlapped結(jié)構(gòu)
);
BOOL WriteFile(HANDLE hFile, //標(biāo)識通信端口的句柄
 LPCVOID lpBuffer, //輸出數(shù)據(jù)Buffer指針
 DWORD nNumberOfBytesToWrite, //需要寫的字節(jié)數(shù)
 LPDWORD lpNumberOfBytesWritten, //實(shí)際寫入的字節(jié)數(shù)指針
 LPOVERLAPPED lpOverlapped //指向overlapped結(jié)構(gòu)
);
 
2.工程實(shí)例

  下面我們用第1節(jié)所述API實(shí)現(xiàn)一個(gè)多線程的串口通信程序。這個(gè)例子工程(工程名為MultiThreadCom)的界面很簡單,如下圖所示:


  它是一個(gè)多線程的應(yīng)用程序,包括兩個(gè)工作者線程,分別處理串口1和串口2。為了簡化問題,我們讓連接兩個(gè)串口的電纜只包含RX、TX兩根連線(即不以硬件控制RS-232,串口上只會發(fā)生EV_TXEMPTY、EV_RXCHAR事件)。

  在工程實(shí)例的BOOL CMultiThreadComApp::InitInstance()函數(shù)中,啟動(dòng)并設(shè)置COM1和COM2,其源代碼為:

BOOL CMultiThreadComApp::InitInstance()
{
 AfxEnableControlContainer();
 //打開并設(shè)置COM1
 hComm1=CreateFile("COM1", GENERIC_READ|GENERIC_WRITE, 0, NULL ,OPEN_EXISTING, 0,NULL);
 if (hComm1==(HANDLE)-1)
 {
  AfxMessageBox("打開COM1失敗");
  return false;
 }
 else
 {
  DCB wdcb;
  GetCommState (hComm1,&wdcb);
  wdcb.BaudRate=9600;
  SetCommState (hComm1,&wdcb);
  PurgeComm(hComm1,PURGE_TXCLEAR);
 }
 //打開并設(shè)置COM2
 hComm2=CreateFile("COM2", GENERIC_READ|GENERIC_WRITE, 0, NULL ,OPEN_EXISTING, 0,NULL);
 if (hComm2==(HANDLE)-1)
 {
  AfxMessageBox("打開COM2失敗");
  return false;
 }
 else
 {
  DCB wdcb;
  GetCommState (hComm2,&wdcb);
  wdcb.BaudRate=9600;
  SetCommState (hComm2,&wdcb);
  PurgeComm(hComm2,PURGE_TXCLEAR);
 }

 CMultiThreadComDlg dlg;
 m_pMainWnd = &dlg;
 int nResponse = dlg.DoModal();
 if (nResponse == IDOK)
 {
  // TODO: Place code here to handle when the dialog is
  // dismissed with OK
 }
 else if (nResponse == IDCANCEL)
 {
  // TODO: Place code here to handle when the dialog is
  // dismissed with Cancel
 }
 return FALSE;
}

  此后我們在對話框CMultiThreadComDlg的初始化函數(shù)OnInitDialog中啟動(dòng)兩個(gè)分別處理COM1和COM2的線程:

BOOL CMultiThreadComDlg::OnInitDialog()
{
 CDialog::OnInitDialog();
 // Add "About..." menu item to system menu.

 // IDM_ABOUTBOX must be in the system command range.
 ASSERT((IDM_ABOUTBOX & 0xFFF0) == IDM_ABOUTBOX);
 ASSERT(IDM_ABOUTBOX < 0xF000);

 CMenu* pSysMenu = GetSystemMenu(FALSE);
 if (pSysMenu != NULL)
 {
  CString strAboutMenu;
  strAboutMenu.LoadString(IDS_ABOUTBOX);
  if (!strAboutMenu.IsEmpty())
  {
   pSysMenu->AppendMenu(MF_SEPARATOR);
   pSysMenu->AppendMenu(MF_STRING, IDM_ABOUTBOX, strAboutMenu);
  }
 }

 // Set the icon for this dialog. The framework does this automatically
 // when the application‘s main window is not a dialog
 SetIcon(m_hIcon, TRUE); // Set big icon
 SetIcon(m_hIcon, FALSE); // Set small icon

 // TODO: Add extra initialization here
 //啟動(dòng)串口1處理線程
 DWORD nThreadId1;
 hCommThread1 = ::CreateThread((LPSECURITY_ATTRIBUTES)NULL, 0,
(LPTHREAD_START_ROUTINE)Com1ThreadProcess, AfxGetMainWnd()->m_hWnd, 0, &nThreadId1);
 if (hCommThread1 == NULL)
 {
  AfxMessageBox("創(chuàng)建串口1處理線程失敗");
  return false;
 }
 //啟動(dòng)串口2處理線程
 DWORD nThreadId2;
 hCommThread2 = ::CreateThread((LPSECURITY_ATTRIBUTES)NULL, 0,
(LPTHREAD_START_ROUTINE)Com2ThreadProcess, AfxGetMainWnd()->m_hWnd, 0, &nThreadId2);
 if (hCommThread2 == NULL)
 {
  AfxMessageBox("創(chuàng)建串口2處理線程失敗");
  return false;
 }

 return TRUE; // return TRUE unless you set the focus to a control
}

  兩個(gè)串口COM1和COM2對應(yīng)的線程處理函數(shù)等待串口上發(fā)生事件,并根據(jù)事件類型和自身緩沖區(qū)是否有數(shù)據(jù)要發(fā)送進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的處理,其源代碼為:

DWORD WINAPI Com1ThreadProcess(HWND hWnd//主窗口句柄)
{
 DWORD wEven;
 char str[10]; //讀入數(shù)據(jù)
 SetCommMask(hComm1, EV_RXCHAR | EV_TXEMPTY);
 while (TRUE)
 {
  WaitCommEvent(hComm1, &wEven, NULL);
  if(wEven = 0)
  {
   CloseHandle(hCommThread1);
   hCommThread1 = NULL;
   ExitThread(0);
  }
  else
  {
   switch (wEven)
   {
    case EV_TXEMPTY:
     if (wTxPos < wTxLen)
     {
      //在串口1寫入數(shù)據(jù)
      DWORD wCount; //寫入的字節(jié)數(shù)
      WriteFile(hComm1, com1Data.TxBuf[wTxPos], 1, &wCount, NULL);
      com1Data.wTxPos++;
     }
     break;
    case EV_RXCHAR:
     if (com1Data.wRxPos < com1Data.wRxLen)
     {
      //讀取串口數(shù)據(jù), 處理收到的數(shù)據(jù)
      DWORD wCount; //讀取的字節(jié)數(shù)
      ReadFile(hComm1, com1Data.RxBuf[wRxPos], 1, &wCount, NULL);
      com1Data.wRxPos++;
      if(com1Data.wRxPos== com1Data.wRxLen);
       ::PostMessage(hWnd, COM_SENDCHAR, 0, 1);
     }
     break;
    }
   }
  }
 }
 return TRUE;
}

DWORD WINAPI Com2ThreadProcess(HWND hWnd //主窗口句柄)
{
 DWORD wEven;
 char str[10]; //讀入數(shù)據(jù)
 SetCommMask(hComm2, EV_RXCHAR | EV_TXEMPTY);
 while (TRUE)
 {
  WaitCommEvent(hComm2, &wEven, NULL);
  if (wEven = 0)
  {
   CloseHandle(hCommThread2);
   hCommThread2 = NULL;
   ExitThread(0);
  }
  else
  {
   switch (wEven)
   {
    case EV_TXEMPTY:
     if (wTxPos < wTxLen)
     {
      //在串口2寫入數(shù)據(jù)
      DWORD wCount; //寫入的字節(jié)數(shù)
      WriteFile(hComm2, com2Data.TxBuf[wTxPos], 1, &wCount, NULL);
      com2Data.wTxPos++;
     }
     break;
    case EV_RXCHAR:
     if (com2Data.wRxPos < com2Data.wRxLen)
     {
      //讀取串口數(shù)據(jù), 處理收到的數(shù)據(jù)
      DWORD wCount; //讀取的字節(jié)數(shù)
      ReadFile(hComm2, com2Data.RxBuf[wRxPos], 1, &wCount, NULL);
      com2Data.wRxPos++;
      if(com2Data.wRxPos== com2Data.wRxLen);
       ::PostMessage(hWnd, COM_SENDCHAR, 0, 1);
     }
     break;
    }
   }
  }
  return TRUE;
 }

  線程控制函數(shù)中所操作的com1Data和com2Data是與串口對應(yīng)的數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)struct tagSerialPort的實(shí)例,這個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)是:

typedef struct tagSerialPort
{
 BYTE RxBuf[SPRX_BUFLEN];//接收Buffer
 WORD wRxPos; //當(dāng)前接收字節(jié)位置
 WORD wRxLen; //要接收的字節(jié)數(shù)
 BYTE TxBuf[SPTX_BUFLEN];//發(fā)送Buffer
 WORD wTxPos; //當(dāng)前發(fā)送字節(jié)位置
 WORD wTxLen; //要發(fā)送的字節(jié)數(shù)
}SerialPort, * LPSerialPort;
 
 
 3.多線程串口類

  使用多線程串口通信更方便的途徑是編寫一個(gè)多線程的串口類,例如Remon Spekreijse編寫了一個(gè)CSerialPort串口類。仔細(xì)分析這個(gè)類的源代碼,將十分有助于我們對先前所學(xué)多線程及同步知識的理解。

  3.1類的定義

#ifndef __SERIALPORT_H__
#define __SERIALPORT_H__

#define WM_COMM_BREAK_DETECTED WM_USER+1 // A break was detected on input.
#define WM_COMM_CTS_DETECTED WM_USER+2 // The CTS (clear-to-send) signal changed state.
#define WM_COMM_DSR_DETECTED WM_USER+3 // The DSR (data-set-ready) signal changed state.
#define WM_COMM_ERR_DETECTED WM_USER+4 // A line-status error occurred. Line-status errors are CE_FRAME, CE_OVERRUN, and CE_RXPARITY.
#define WM_COMM_RING_DETECTED WM_USER+5 // A ring indicator was detected.
#define WM_COMM_RLSD_DETECTED WM_USER+6 // The RLSD (receive-line-signal-detect) signal changed state.
#define WM_COMM_RXCHAR WM_USER+7 // A character was received and placed in the input buffer.
#define WM_COMM_RXFLAG_DETECTED WM_USER+8 // The event character was received and placed in the input buffer.
#define WM_COMM_TXEMPTY_DETECTED WM_USER+9 // The last character in the output buffer was sent.

class CSerialPort
{
 public:
  // contruction and destruction
  CSerialPort();
  virtual ~CSerialPort();

  // port initialisation
  BOOL InitPort(CWnd* pPortOwner, UINT portnr = 1, UINT baud = 19200, char parity = ‘N‘, UINT databits = 8, UINT stopsbits = 1, DWORD dwCommEvents = EV_RXCHAR | EV_CTS, UINT nBufferSize = 512);

  // start/stop comm watching
  BOOL StartMonitoring();
  BOOL RestartMonitoring();
  BOOL StopMonitoring();

  DWORD GetWriteBufferSize();
  DWORD GetCommEvents();
  DCB GetDCB();

  void WriteToPort(char* string);

 protected:
  // protected memberfunctions
  void ProcessErrorMessage(char* ErrorText);
  static UINT CommThread(LPVOID pParam);
  static void ReceiveChar(CSerialPort* port, COMSTAT comstat);
  static void WriteChar(CSerialPort* port);

  // thread
  CWinThread* m_Thread;

  // synchronisation objects
  CRITICAL_SECTION m_csCommunicationSync;
  BOOL m_bThreadAlive;

  // handles
  HANDLE m_hShutdownEvent;
  HANDLE m_hComm;
  HANDLE m_hWriteEvent;

  // Event array.
  // One element is used for each event. There are two event handles for each port.
  // A Write event and a receive character event which is located in the overlapped structure (m_ov.hEvent).
  // There is a general shutdown when the port is closed.
  HANDLE m_hEventArray[3];

  // structures
  OVERLAPPED m_ov;
  COMMTIMEOUTS m_CommTimeouts;
  DCB m_dcb;

  // owner window
  CWnd* m_pOwner;

  // misc
  UINT m_nPortNr;
  char* m_szWriteBuffer;
  DWORD m_dwCommEvents;
  DWORD m_nWriteBufferSize;
 };

#endif __SERIALPORT_H__

  3.2類的實(shí)現(xiàn)

  3.2.1構(gòu)造函數(shù)與析構(gòu)函數(shù)

  進(jìn)行相關(guān)變量的賦初值及內(nèi)存恢復(fù):

CSerialPort::CSerialPort()
{
 m_hComm = NULL;

 // initialize overlapped structure members to zero
 m_ov.Offset = 0;
 m_ov.OffsetHigh = 0;

 // create events
 m_ov.hEvent = NULL;
 m_hWriteEvent = NULL;
 m_hShutdownEvent = NULL;

 m_szWriteBuffer = NULL;

 m_bThreadAlive = FALSE;
}

//
// Delete dynamic memory
//
CSerialPort::~CSerialPort()
{
 do
 {
  SetEvent(m_hShutdownEvent);
 }
 while (m_bThreadAlive);

 TRACE("Thread ended\n");

 delete []m_szWriteBuffer;
}

  3.2.2核心函數(shù):初始化串口

  在初始化串口函數(shù)中,將打開串口,設(shè)置相關(guān)參數(shù),并創(chuàng)建串口相關(guān)的用戶控制事件,初始化臨界區(qū)(Critical Section),以成隊(duì)的EnterCriticalSection()、LeaveCriticalSection()函數(shù)進(jìn)行資源的排它性訪問:

BOOL CSerialPort::InitPort(CWnd *pPortOwner,
// the owner (CWnd) of the port (receives message)
UINT portnr, // portnumber (1..4)
UINT baud, // baudrate
char parity, // parity
UINT databits, // databits
UINT stopbits, // stopbits
DWORD dwCommEvents, // EV_RXCHAR, EV_CTS etc
UINT writebuffersize) // size to the writebuffer
{
 assert(portnr > 0 && portnr < 5);
 assert(pPortOwner != NULL);

 // if the thread is alive: Kill
 if (m_bThreadAlive)
 {
  do
  {
   SetEvent(m_hShutdownEvent);
  }
  while (m_bThreadAlive);
  TRACE("Thread ended\n");
 }

 // create events
 if (m_ov.hEvent != NULL)
  ResetEvent(m_ov.hEvent);
  m_ov.hEvent = CreateEvent(NULL, TRUE, FALSE, NULL);

 if (m_hWriteEvent != NULL)
  ResetEvent(m_hWriteEvent);
  m_hWriteEvent = CreateEvent(NULL, TRUE, FALSE, NULL);

 if (m_hShutdownEvent != NULL)
  ResetEvent(m_hShutdownEvent);
  m_hShutdownEvent = CreateEvent(NULL, TRUE, FALSE, NULL);

 // initialize the event objects
 m_hEventArray[0] = m_hShutdownEvent; // highest priority
 m_hEventArray[1] = m_ov.hEvent;
 m_hEventArray[2] = m_hWriteEvent;

 // initialize critical section
 InitializeCriticalSection(&m_csCommunicationSync);

 // set buffersize for writing and save the owner
 m_pOwner = pPortOwner;

 if (m_szWriteBuffer != NULL)
  delete []m_szWriteBuffer;
  m_szWriteBuffer = new char[writebuffersize];

  m_nPortNr = portnr;

  m_nWriteBufferSize = writebuffersize;
  m_dwCommEvents = dwCommEvents;

  BOOL bResult = FALSE;
  char *szPort = new char[50];
  char *szBaud = new char[50];

  // now it critical!
  EnterCriticalSection(&m_csCommunicationSync);

  // if the port is already opened: close it
 if (m_hComm != NULL)
 {
  CloseHandle(m_hComm);
  m_hComm = NULL;
 }

 // prepare port strings
 sprintf(szPort, "COM%d", portnr);
 sprintf(szBaud, "baud=%d parity=%c data=%d stop=%d", baud, parity, databits,stopbits);

 // get a handle to the port
 m_hComm = CreateFile(szPort, // communication port string (COMX)
  GENERIC_READ | GENERIC_WRITE, // read/write types
  0, // comm devices must be opened with exclusive access
  NULL, // no security attributes
  OPEN_EXISTING, // comm devices must use OPEN_EXISTING
  FILE_FLAG_OVERLAPPED, // Async I/O
  0); // template must be 0 for comm devices

 if (m_hComm == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
 {
  // port not found
  delete []szPort;
  delete []szBaud;
  return FALSE;
 }

 // set the timeout values
 m_CommTimeouts.ReadIntervalTimeout = 1000;
 m_CommTimeouts.ReadTotalTimeoutMultiplier = 1000;
 m_CommTimeouts.ReadTotalTimeoutConstant = 1000;
 m_CommTimeouts.WriteTotalTimeoutMultiplier = 1000;
 m_CommTimeouts.WriteTotalTimeoutConstant = 1000;

 // configure
 if (SetCommTimeouts(m_hComm, &m_CommTimeouts))
 {
  if (SetCommMask(m_hComm, dwCommEvents))
  {
   if (GetCommState(m_hComm, &m_dcb))
   {
    m_dcb.fRtsControl = RTS_CONTROL_ENABLE; // set RTS bit high!
    if (BuildCommDCB(szBaud, &m_dcb))
    {
     if (SetCommState(m_hComm, &m_dcb))
      ;
      // normal operation... continue
     else
      ProcessErrorMessage("SetCommState()");
    }
    else
     ProcessErrorMessage("BuildCommDCB()");
    }
   else
    ProcessErrorMessage("GetCommState()");
  }
  else
   ProcessErrorMessage("SetCommMask()");
 }
 else
  ProcessErrorMessage("SetCommTimeouts()");

 delete []szPort;
 delete []szBaud;

 // flush the port
 PurgeComm(m_hComm, PURGE_RXCLEAR | PURGE_TXCLEAR | PURGE_RXABORT | PURGE_TXABORT);

 // release critical section
 LeaveCriticalSection(&m_csCommunicationSync);

 TRACE("Initialisation for communicationport %d completed.\nUse Startmonitor to communicate.\n", portnr);

 return TRUE;
}
 
 
3.3.3核心函數(shù):串口線程控制函數(shù)

  串口線程處理函數(shù)是整個(gè)類中最核心的部分,它主要完成兩類工作:

 ?。?)利用WaitCommEvent函數(shù)對串口上發(fā)生的事件進(jìn)行獲取并根據(jù)事件的不同類型進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的處理;

 ?。?)利用WaitForMultipleObjects函數(shù)對串口相關(guān)的用戶控制事件進(jìn)行等待并做相應(yīng)處理。

UINT CSerialPort::CommThread(LPVOID pParam)
{
 // Cast the void pointer passed to the thread back to
 // a pointer of CSerialPort class
 CSerialPort *port = (CSerialPort*)pParam;

 // Set the status variable in the dialog class to
 // TRUE to indicate the thread is running.
 port->m_bThreadAlive = TRUE;

 // Misc. variables
 DWORD BytesTransfered = 0;
 DWORD Event = 0;
 DWORD CommEvent = 0;
 DWORD dwError = 0;
 COMSTAT comstat;
 BOOL bResult = TRUE;

 // Clear comm buffers at startup
 if (port->m_hComm)
  // check if the port is opened
  PurgeComm(port->m_hComm, PURGE_RXCLEAR | PURGE_TXCLEAR | PURGE_RXABORT | PURGE_TXABORT);

  // begin forever loop. This loop will run as long as the thread is alive.
  for (;;)
  {
   // Make a call to WaitCommEvent(). This call will return immediatly
   // because our port was created as an async port (FILE_FLAG_OVERLAPPED
   // and an m_OverlappedStructerlapped structure specified). This call will cause the
   // m_OverlappedStructerlapped element m_OverlappedStruct.hEvent, which is part of the m_hEventArray to
   // be placed in a non-signeled state if there are no bytes available to be read,
   // or to a signeled state if there are bytes available. If this event handle
   // is set to the non-signeled state, it will be set to signeled when a
   // character arrives at the port.

   // we do this for each port!

   bResult = WaitCommEvent(port->m_hComm, &Event, &port->m_ov);

   if (!bResult)
   {
    // If WaitCommEvent() returns FALSE, process the last error to determin
    // the reason..
    switch (dwError = GetLastError())
    {
     case ERROR_IO_PENDING:
     {
      // This is a normal return value if there are no bytes
      // to read at the port.
      // Do nothing and continue
      break;
     }
     case 87:
     {
      // Under Windows NT, this value is returned for some reason.
      // I have not investigated why, but it is also a valid reply
      // Also do nothing and continue.
      break;
     }
     default:
     {
      // All other error codes indicate a serious error has
      // occured. Process this error.
      port->ProcessErrorMessage("WaitCommEvent()");
      break;
     }
    }
   }
   else
   {
    // If WaitCommEvent() returns TRUE, check to be sure there are
    // actually bytes in the buffer to read.
    //
    // If you are reading more than one byte at a time from the buffer
    // (which this program does not do) you will have the situation occur
    // where the first byte to arrive will cause the WaitForMultipleObjects()
    // function to stop waiting. The WaitForMultipleObjects() function
    // resets the event handle in m_OverlappedStruct.hEvent to the non-signelead state
    // as it returns.
    //
    // If in the time between the reset of this event and the call to
    // ReadFile() more bytes arrive, the m_OverlappedStruct.hEvent handle will be set again
    // to the signeled state. When the call to ReadFile() occurs, it will
    // read all of the bytes from the buffer, and the program will
    // loop back around to WaitCommEvent().
    //
    // At this point you will be in the situation where m_OverlappedStruct.hEvent is set,
    // but there are no bytes available to read. If you proceed and call
    // ReadFile(), it will return immediatly due to the async port setup, but
    // GetOverlappedResults() will not return until the next character arrives.
    //
    // It is not desirable for the GetOverlappedResults() function to be in
    // this state. The thread shutdown event (event 0) and the WriteFile()
    // event (Event2) will not work if the thread is blocked by GetOverlappedResults().
    //
    // The solution to this is to check the buffer with a call to ClearCommError().
    // This call will reset the event handle, and if there are no bytes to read
    // we can loop back through WaitCommEvent() again, then proceed.
    // If there are really bytes to read, do nothing and proceed.

    bResult = ClearCommError(port->m_hComm, &dwError, &comstat);

    if (comstat.cbInQue == 0)
     continue;
   } // end if bResult

   // Main wait function. This function will normally block the thread
   // until one of nine events occur that require action.
   Event = WaitForMultipleObjects(3, port->m_hEventArray, FALSE, INFINITE);

   switch (Event)
   {
    case 0:
    {
     // Shutdown event. This is event zero so it will be
     // the higest priority and be serviced first.

     port->m_bThreadAlive = FALSE;

     // Kill this thread. break is not needed, but makes me feel better.
     AfxEndThread(100);
     break;
    }
    case 1:
    // read event
    {
     GetCommMask(port->m_hComm, &CommEvent);
     if (CommEvent &EV_CTS)
      ::SendMessage(port->m_pOwner->m_hWnd, WM_COMM_CTS_DETECTED, (WPARAM)0, (LPARAM)port->m_nPortNr);
     if (CommEvent &EV_RXFLAG)
      ::SendMessage(port->m_pOwner->m_hWnd, WM_COMM_RXFLAG_DETECTED,(WPARAM)0, (LPARAM)port->m_nPortNr);
     if (CommEvent &EV_BREAK)
      ::SendMessage(port->m_pOwner->m_hWnd, WM_COMM_BREAK_DETECTED,(WPARAM)0, (LPARAM)port->m_nPortNr);
     if (CommEvent &EV_ERR)
      ::SendMessage(port->m_pOwner->m_hWnd, WM_COMM_ERR_DETECTED, (WPARAM)0, (LPARAM)port->m_nPortNr);
     if (CommEvent &EV_RING)
      ::SendMessage(port->m_pOwner->m_hWnd, WM_COMM_RING_DETECTED,(WPARAM)0, (LPARAM)port->m_nPortNr);
     if (CommEvent &EV_RXCHAR)
      // Receive character event from port.
      ReceiveChar(port, comstat);
    break;
   }
   case 2:
   // write event
   {
    // Write character event from port
    WriteChar(port);
    break;
   }
  } // end switch
 } // close forever loop
 return 0;
}

  下列三個(gè)函數(shù)用于對串口線程進(jìn)行啟動(dòng)、掛起和恢復(fù):

//
// start comm watching
//
BOOL CSerialPort::StartMonitoring()
{
 if (!(m_Thread = AfxBeginThread(CommThread, this)))
  return FALSE;
 TRACE("Thread started\n");
 return TRUE;
}

//
// Restart the comm thread
//
BOOL CSerialPort::RestartMonitoring()
{
 TRACE("Thread resumed\n");
 m_Thread->ResumeThread();
 return TRUE;
}

//
// Suspend the comm thread
//
BOOL CSerialPort::StopMonitoring()
{
 TRACE("Thread suspended\n");
 m_Thread->SuspendThread();
 return TRUE;
}

  3.3.4讀寫串口

  下面一組函數(shù)是用戶對串口進(jìn)行讀寫操作的接口:

//
// Write a character.
//
void CSerialPort::WriteChar(CSerialPort *port)
{
 BOOL bWrite = TRUE;
 BOOL bResult = TRUE;

 DWORD BytesSent = 0;

 ResetEvent(port->m_hWriteEvent);

 // Gain ownership of the critical section
 EnterCriticalSection(&port->m_csCommunicationSync);

 if (bWrite)
 {
  // Initailize variables
  port->m_ov.Offset = 0;
  port->m_ov.OffsetHigh = 0;

  // Clear buffer
  PurgeComm(port->m_hComm, PURGE_RXCLEAR | PURGE_TXCLEAR | PURGE_RXABORT | PURGE_TXABORT);

  bResult = WriteFile(port->m_hComm, // Handle to COMM Port
    port->m_szWriteBuffer, // Pointer to message buffer in calling finction
    strlen((char*)port->m_szWriteBuffer), // Length of message to send
    &BytesSent, // Where to store the number of bytes sent
    &port->m_ov); // Overlapped structure

  // deal with any error codes
  if (!bResult)
  {
   DWORD dwError = GetLastError();
   switch (dwError)
   {
    case ERROR_IO_PENDING:
    {
     // continue to GetOverlappedResults()
     BytesSent = 0;
     bWrite = FALSE;
     break;
    }
    default:
    {
     // all other error codes
     port->ProcessErrorMessage("WriteFile()");
    }
   }
  }
  else
  {
   LeaveCriticalSection(&port->m_csCommunicationSync);
  }
 } // end if(bWrite)

 if (!bWrite)
 {
  bWrite = TRUE;

  bResult = GetOverlappedResult(port->m_hComm, // Handle to COMM port
   &port->m_ov, // Overlapped structure
   &BytesSent, // Stores number of bytes sent
  TRUE); // Wait flag

  LeaveCriticalSection(&port->m_csCommunicationSync);

  // deal with the error code
  if (!bResult)
  {
   port->ProcessErrorMessage("GetOverlappedResults() in WriteFile()");
  }
 } // end if (!bWrite)

 // Verify that the data size send equals what we tried to send
 if (BytesSent != strlen((char*)port->m_szWriteBuffer))
 {
  TRACE("WARNING: WriteFile() error.. Bytes Sent: %d; Message Length: %d\n",
  BytesSent, strlen((char*)port->m_szWriteBuffer));
 }
}

//
// Character received. Inform the owner
//
void CSerialPort::ReceiveChar(CSerialPort *port, COMSTAT comstat)
{
 BOOL bRead = TRUE;
 BOOL bResult = TRUE;
 DWORD dwError = 0;
 DWORD BytesRead = 0;
 unsigned char RXBuff;

 for (;;)
 {
  // Gain ownership of the comm port critical section.
  // This process guarantees no other part of this program
  // is using the port object.

  EnterCriticalSection(&port->m_csCommunicationSync);

  // ClearCommError() will update the COMSTAT structure and
  // clear any other errors.

  bResult = ClearCommError(port->m_hComm, &dwError, &comstat);

  LeaveCriticalSection(&port->m_csCommunicationSync);

  // start forever loop. I use this type of loop because I
  // do not know at runtime how many loops this will have to
  // run. My solution is to start a forever loop and to
  // break out of it when I have processed all of the
  // data available. Be careful with this approach and
  // be sure your loop will exit.
  // My reasons for this are not as clear in this sample
  // as it is in my production code, but I have found this
  // solutiion to be the most efficient way to do this.

  if (comstat.cbInQue == 0)
  {
   // break out when all bytes have been read
   break;
  }

  EnterCriticalSection(&port->m_csCommunicationSync);

  if (bRead)
  {
   bResult = ReadFile(port->m_hComm, // Handle to COMM port
    &RXBuff, // RX Buffer Pointer
    1, // Read one byte
    &BytesRead, // Stores number of bytes read
    &port->m_ov); // pointer to the m_ov structure
   // deal with the error code
   if (!bResult)
   {
    switch (dwError = GetLastError())
    {
     case ERROR_IO_PENDING:
     {
      // asynchronous i/o is still in progress
      // Proceed on to GetOverlappedResults();
      bRead = FALSE;
      break;
     }
     default:
     {
      // Another error has occured. Process this error.
      port->ProcessErrorMessage("ReadFile()");
      break;
     }
    }
   }
   else
   {
    // ReadFile() returned complete. It is not necessary to call GetOverlappedResults()
    bRead = TRUE;
   }
  } // close if (bRead)

  if (!bRead)
  {
   bRead = TRUE;
   bResult = GetOverlappedResult(port->m_hComm, // Handle to COMM port
    &port->m_ov, // Overlapped structure
    &BytesRead, // Stores number of bytes read
    TRUE); // Wait flag

   // deal with the error code
   if (!bResult)
   {
    port->ProcessErrorMessage("GetOverlappedResults() in ReadFile()");
   }
  } // close if (!bRead)

  LeaveCriticalSection(&port->m_csCommunicationSync);

  // notify parent that a byte was received
  ::SendMessage((port->m_pOwner)->m_hWnd, WM_COMM_RXCHAR, (WPARAM)RXBuff,(LPARAM)port->m_nPortNr);
 } // end forever loop

}

//
// Write a string to the port
//
void CSerialPort::WriteToPort(char *string)
{
 assert(m_hComm != 0);

 memset(m_szWriteBuffer, 0, sizeof(m_szWriteBuffer));
 strcpy(m_szWriteBuffer, string);

 // set event for write
 SetEvent(m_hWriteEvent);
}

//
// Return the output buffer size
//
DWORD CSerialPort::GetWriteBufferSize()
{
 return m_nWriteBufferSize;
}

3.3.5控制接口

  應(yīng)用程序員使用下列一組public函數(shù)可以獲取串口的DCB及串口上發(fā)生的事件:

//
// Return the device control block
//
DCB CSerialPort::GetDCB()
{
 return m_dcb;
}

//
// Return the communication event masks
//
DWORD CSerialPort::GetCommEvents()
{
 return m_dwCommEvents;
}

  3.3.6錯(cuò)誤處理

//
// If there is a error, give the right message
//
void CSerialPort::ProcessErrorMessage(char *ErrorText)
{
 char *Temp = new char[200];

 LPVOID lpMsgBuf;

 FormatMessage(FORMAT_MESSAGE_ALLOCATE_BUFFER | FORMAT_MESSAGE_FROM_SYSTEM,
  NULL, GetLastError(), MAKELANGID(LANG_NEUTRAL, SUBLANG_DEFAULT),
  // Default language
  (LPTSTR) &lpMsgBuf, 0, NULL);

 sprintf(Temp,
  "WARNING: %s Failed with the following error: \n%s\nPort: %d\n", (char*)
  ErrorText, lpMsgBuf, m_nPortNr);
 MessageBox(NULL, Temp, "Application Error", MB_ICONSTOP);

 LocalFree(lpMsgBuf);
 delete []Temp;
}

  仔細(xì)分析Remon Spekreijse的CSerialPort類對我們理解多線程及其同步機(jī)制是大有益處的,從http://codeguru./network/serialport.shtml我們可以獲取CSerialPort類的介紹與工程實(shí)例。另外,電子工業(yè)出版社《Visual C++/Turbo C串口通信編程實(shí)踐》一書的作者龔建偉也編寫了一個(gè)使用CSerialPort類的例子,可以從http://www./scomm/sc2serialportclass.htm獲得詳情。

  4.多線程網(wǎng)絡(luò)通信

  在網(wǎng)絡(luò)通信中使用多線程主要有兩種途徑,即主監(jiān)控線程和線程池。

  4.1主監(jiān)控線程

  這種方式指的是程序中使用一個(gè)主線程監(jiān)控某特定端口,一旦在這個(gè)端口上發(fā)生連接請求,則主監(jiān)控線程動(dòng)態(tài)使用CreateThread派生出新的子線程處理該請求。主線程在派生子線程后不再對子線程加以控制和調(diào)度,而由子線程獨(dú)自和客戶方發(fā)生連接并處理異常。

  使用這種方法的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是:

 ?。?)可以較快地實(shí)現(xiàn)原型設(shè)計(jì),尤其在用戶數(shù)目較少、連接保持時(shí)間較長時(shí)有表現(xiàn)較好;

  (2)主線程不與子線程發(fā)生通信,在一定程度上減少了系統(tǒng)資源的消耗。

  其缺點(diǎn)是:

 ?。?)生成和終止子線程的開銷比較大;

 ?。?)對遠(yuǎn)端用戶的控制較弱。

  這種多線程方式總的特點(diǎn)是"動(dòng)態(tài)生成,靜態(tài)調(diào)度"。

  4.2線程池

  這種方式指的是主線程在初始化時(shí)靜態(tài)地生成一定數(shù)量的懸掛子線程,放置于線程池中。隨后,主線程將對這些懸掛子線程進(jìn)行動(dòng)態(tài)調(diào)度。一旦客戶發(fā)出連接請求,主線程將從線程池中查找一個(gè)懸掛的子線程:

 ?。?)如果找到,主線程將該連接分配給這個(gè)被發(fā)現(xiàn)的子線程。子線程從主線程處接管該連接,并與用戶通信。當(dāng)連接結(jié)束時(shí),該子線程將自動(dòng)懸掛,并進(jìn)人線程池等待再次被調(diào)度;

  (2)如果當(dāng)前已沒有可用的子線程,主線程將通告發(fā)起連接的客戶。

  使用這種方法進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是:

  (1)主線程可以更好地對派生的子線程進(jìn)行控制和調(diào)度;

 ?。?)對遠(yuǎn)程用戶的監(jiān)控和管理能力較強(qiáng)。

  雖然主線程對子線程的調(diào)度要消耗一定的資源,但是與主監(jiān)控線程方式中派生和終止線程所要耗費(fèi)的資源相比,要少很多。因此,使用該種方法設(shè)計(jì)和實(shí)現(xiàn)的系統(tǒng)在客戶端連接和終止變更頻繁時(shí)有上佳表現(xiàn)。

  這種多線程方式總的特點(diǎn)是"靜態(tài)生成,動(dòng)態(tài)調(diào)度"。

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